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BONE    RULES. 


BONE    RULES; 

OR, 

SKELETON  OF  ENGLISH  GRAMMAR. 


BY 

Rev.  JOHN   B.    TABB. 


NEW  AND   REVISED   EDITION. 


NEW    YORK,    CINCINNATI,    CHICAGO  ! 

bemm2:ige:r    brotmers. 

Printers  to  the  Holy  Apostolic  See. 
I9OI. 


v 


Qt> 


CdPyRIGKT,    18,9:*,    I<Y   BflNZiGfi-R  BROTHERS. 


INSCRIBED 

Zo  ms  pupils, 

ACTIVE  and  passive  ;    perfect  and  imperfect  ; 

PAST,  present,  and  future, 

by  their  loving 

Father  Tabb. 


m2()1493 


CONTENTS. 

PART   I.— PARTS   OF   SPEECH. 

PAGE 

The  Parts  of  Speech ii 

The  Noun ii 

The  Verb ii 

The  Adjective 12 

The  Adverb 12 

Examples 12 

Kinds  of  Verbs. , 13 

Active  Verbs 13 

Passive  Verbs 13 

Neuter  Verbs 13 

Transitive  Verbs 13 

Intransitive  Verbs 14 

The  Object  and  the  Attribute 14 

PART    II.— NOUNS    AND    PRONOUNS. 

Kinds  of  Nouns 17 

Proper  and  Common  Nouns 17 

The  Pronoun 17 

Properties  of  Pronouns  and  Nouns 17 

Gender ig 

Number. , 18 

Person 18 

7 


8  Contents. 

PACK 

Case i8 

Kinds  of  Pronouns 19 

Personal  Pronouns 19 

Relative  Pronouns 21 

Interrogative  Pronouns 22 

Adjective  Pronouns 22 

Remarks  upon  the  Noun 23 

Absolutes 23 

PART   III.— VERBS. 

Conjugation 25 

Moods 25 

Tense 26 

The  Participle 28 

Principal  Parts  of  the  Verb 28 

Conjugation  of  ' '  To  be  " 29 

Remarks  on  Conjugation 34 

Formation  of  Passive  Verbs 35 

Some  Irregular  Verbs 35 

Suggestion  to  Teacher 41 

PART     IV.— REMARKS      UPON     ADJECTIVES^ 

ADVERBS,    CONJUNCTIONS,    AND 

PREPOSITIONS. 

Remarks  upon  Adjectives 42 

*•  Comparison  "  of  Adjectives 42 

Memory  Lines 43 

Remarks  upon  Adverbs 43 

"  Comparison  "  of  Adverbs 43 

Memory  Lines 43 

Conjunctions  and  Prepositions 44 


Contents,  9 

PAGE 

Apposition ^ 44 

List  of  Prepositions 45 

PART  v.— THE   SENTENCE   AND    ITS  ^KINDS. 

The  Sentence 46 

The  Member  and  the  Phrase 47 

Forms  of  Nouns,  Adjectives,  Adverbs 49 

The  Three  Kinds  of  Sentences 50 

Introductory  Words 52 

The  Subject  of  the  Infinitive 52 

The  Infinitive  Member 53 

"That" 55 

"It" 56 

''When,"  "  Where  " 56 

"Than" 56 

Absolutes 57 

"  Questions  " 57 

Participle  Phrases 58 

Infinitive  Phrases 58 

Complex  Sentences 59 

Antecedent  or  Relative  Understood 60 

Indirect  Questions 61 

Absolutes 62 

Sign  of  Infinitive  Understood 63 

Sentences  to  be  Corrected 64 

PART    VI.— RULES    FOR    PARSING,   AND    RE- 
MARKS   UPON    THE   CASES. 

Rules  for  Parsing 65 

Remarks  upon  the  Cases 66 

Special  Remarks  on  the  Negative,  the  Participle, 
the  Relative,  Joint  Reference,  and  Compari- 
son   68 


lo  Contents, 

PACK 

An  Anomaly 70 

Compound,  'Complex,  and    Long    Simple    Sen- 
tences       70 

Examples  of  Bad  English 90 

Analysis  and  Correction 91-93 

Sentences  to  be  Corrected 94 


PART   VII.— RULES   FOR   PUNCTUATION. 

The  Period 105 

The  Colon 106 

The  Semicolon 107 

The  Comma 107 

The  Dash 113 

Curves 114 

Capitals  and  Hyphened  Words,  and  Apostrophe.  115 

Sentences  to  be  Punctuated 116 

Subject  Members 116 

Attribute  Members 116 

Apposition  Members 117 

Object  Members 118 

Sentences  to  be  Punctuated 118 

Bad   English   Corrected  ;    and   Punctuation 
Made,  and  Accounted  for  in  the  Diagram.  126 

Questions 129 

Narration  (Direct  and  Indirect) 131 

Analysis  of  Latin  Sentences 132-134 

Poems  for  Analysis  and  Punctuation. 

The  Raven 135 

The  Brook... 143 


BONE  RULES ; 

OR, 

SKELETON  OF  ENGLISH  GRAMMAR. 


PART  I.— PARTS  OF  SPEECH. 

A  sentence  is  a  group  of  words  making 
complete  sense,  and  marked  by  a  period. 

Parts  of  speech  are  sorts  of  words  that 
go  to  make  up  a  sentence.  The  principal  of 
these  are  the  noun,  the  verb,  the  adjective, 
and  the  adverb. 

The  Noun. 

A  noun  is  a  word  that  names  anything 
that  we  can  think  of ;  as,  Earth,  air,  water , 
plant,  bird,  man. 

The  Verb. 

A  verb  is  a  word  that  goes  with  a  noun 
to  say,  or  help  to  say,  something  about  it ; 
as.  Water  ^^ze^^.  Birds  sing.  Fishes  swim, 
God  created  man.     Christ  is  God. 


u\  V:  \J   'I  \   :Bdfi$^Qf: Speech, 

The  Adjective. 

An  adjective  is  a  word  that  qualifies  a 
noun  ;  as,  A  ^/«^  friend.  A  bright  fire.  A 
cold  day.     A  lojig  journey. 

The  Adverb. 

An  adverb  is  a  word  that  modifies  a  verb, 
an  adjective,  or  another  adverb  ;  as,  Time 
flies  quickly.  The  night  is  very  near.  Too 
soon  the  dayHght  dies. 

Examples. 

Name  each  part  of  speech  in  the  following 
sentences  : 

I.  Snow  melts  rapidly.  2.  Very  gently 
falls  the  dew.  3.  Some  birds  never  sing. 
4.  Early  frost  kills  many  flowers.  5.  Rough 
roads  seem  always  long.  6.  All  men  are 
sometimes  sad.  7.  Good  tidings  never  come 
too  soon. 

Each  of  these  seven  groups  closed  by  a  full  stop, 
or  period,  is  called  a  sentence^  because  it  makes  com- 
plete sense. 

There  can  be  no  sentence  without  at  least 
two  words — a  verb,  and  a  noun  about  which 
the  verb  says  something.  This  noun  is 
called  the  subject. 


Verbs.  13 

Kinds  of  Verbs. 

Every  verb  in  a  sentence  is  active,  or 
passive,  or  neuter,  according  to  the  way 
in  which  it  represents  its  subject. 

Active  Verbs. 

A  verb  is  active  when  it  represents  its 
subject  diS performing  an  act;  as,  Men  labor. 
Birds  sing.  Streams  flow.  God  created 
heaven  and  earth. 

Passive  Verbs. 

A  verb  is  passive  when  it  represents  its 
subject  as  receiving  an  act ;  as,  Man  was 
created.     God  is  worshipped. 

Neuter  Verbs. 

Neuter  means  neither.  A  verb  is  neuter 
when  it  represents  its  subject  as  neither 
performing  nor  receiving  an  act;  as,  God 
waSy  and  is,  and  will  be.  The  soul  remains 
immortal.     Christ  abides  forever. 

There  are  two  kinds  of  active  verbs — 
transitive  and  intransitive. 

Transitive  Verbs. 

A  transitive  (or  passing-over)  verb  is  one 
that  represents  its  subject  as  performing  an 


14  Parts  of  Speech, 

act  upon  some  person  or  thing ;  and  the 
name  of  this  person  or  thing  is  called  the 
object. 

Such  verbs  can  never  by  themselves  com- 
plete the  sense  of  what  is  said  about  their 
subjects,  but  must  have  an  added  noun ;  as, 
God  made ;     Thieves  took . 

Intransitive  Verbs. 

Intransitive  means  ;/^/-passing-over,  or 
;/^;^-transitive ;  and  as  this  kind  of  active 
verb  follows  the  same  rule  as  the  passive  and 
neuter  verbs,  we  may  call  them  all  non- 
transitive. 

Non-transitive  verbs  often  express  ac- 
tion, and,  at  times,  they  also  need  an  added 
noun  or  adjective  \.o  make  the  sense  complete; 
but  the  act  belongs  only  to  the  subject,  and 
can  Jiever  reach  the  added  noun  beyond. 

When  ;/^;^-transitive  verbs  need  an  added 
noun  or  adjective^  this  word  is  called  the 
attribute  ;  as,  Mary  became  a  mother, 
God  was  made  man.  The  sun  rose  clear. 
Stars  look  small. 

The  Object  and  the  Attribute. 
The  object    is   the    noun   that   is   always 
needed  to  complete  the  sense  of  the  transi- 
five  verb. 


Examples.  15 

The  attribute  is  either  a  noun  or  an  adjec- 
tive that  is  sometimes  needed  to  complete 
the  sense  of  non-transitive  verbs. 

It  is  only  the  object  of  the  transitive  verb 
that  can  ever  become  the  subject  of  the  pas- 
sive verb ;  as, 

Romulus  built  Rome. 
Hence,         Rome  ivas  built. 

We  can  never  say  a  thing  is  done  till  some 
one  does  it. 

Examples 
Of  Transitive  and  Non-Transitive  Verbs. 


I.  Charity  covereth  a  multitude  of  sins. 
2.  Lovest  thou  me  ?  3.  Am  I  my  brother*s 
keeper  ?  4.  He  was  a  friend  to  me.  5. 
Thou  shalt  not  steal.  6.  The  word  was 
made  flesh.  7.  Hallowed  be  Thy  name. 
8.  Him  have  I  offended.  9.  I  must  become 
a  borrower.  10.  The  man  grows  mad.  11. 
God  gives  us  love.     12.  The  long  day  wanes. 

13.  Three  years  she  grew  in  sun  and  shower. 

14.  Authority  forgets  a  dying  king.  15. 
That  cap  of  yours  becomes  you  not.  16. 
Never  home  came  she.     17.  His  food  was 


1 6  Farts  of  Speech. 

locusts.  1 8.  Seemeth  it  but  a  small  thing 
unto  you  ?  19.  Be  your  tears  wet  ?  20.  O, 
what  can  ail  thee?  21.  Ask  thou  not  my 
name.  22.  The  rainbow  comes  and  goes. 
23.  A  lovelier  flower  on  earth  was  never 
seen.     24.  I  have  performed  my  task. 


PART  II.— NOUNS  AND  PRONOUNS. 

Kinds  of  Nouns. 

Proper  and  Common  Nouns. 

There  are  two  kinds  of  nouns — proper 
and  common.  A  proper  noun  is  the  name 
of  some  one  particular  thing  ;  as,  Europe, 
London,  Napoleon,  Niagara,  the  Andes, 

A  common  noun  is  the  name  of  a  whole 
class  of  things ;  as,  country,  city,  man,  river, 
mountaifi. 

The  Pronoun. 

A  pronoun  is  a  word  that  stands  for  a 
noun ;  as,  /,  thou;  he,  she,  it ;  we,  you,  they  ; 
this,  that ;  theirs,  those,  etc. 

Properties  of  Pronouns  and  Nouns. 

Pronouns  and  nouns  in  a  sentence  have 
four  properties:  gender,  number,  person, 
and  case. 

17 


1 8  Kinds  of  Nouns, 

Gender. 
Gender  belongs  to  things  male  or  female. 
Males  are  masculine;  as,  he;  females  are 
feminine;  as,  she ;  and  things  that  are 
neither  male  nor  female  are  called  neuter ; 
as,  it.  Nouns  and  pronouns  take  their  gen- 
der from  the  things  that  they  name  or  stand 
for. 

Number. 

Number  is  either  singular  or  plural ;  sin- 
gular, when  it  shows  one  thing  only ;  plural, 
when  it  shows  more  than  one  thing ;  as,  he, 
they;  man,  men;  dog,  dogs;  goose,  geese. 

Note. — The  plural  of  nouns  is  regularly  formed 
by  adding  J  or  es  to  the  singular  ;  as,  boy,  boys;  fox, 
foxes. 

Irregular  plurals  must  be  separately  learned;  as, 
man,  men;  goos^,  geese. 

Person. 
Person  shows  the  one  speaking;  as,  /;  or 
the  one  spoken  to;  as,  you;  or  the  one  spoken 
of;  as,  he,  she,  it.  The  speaker  is  called  the 
first  person  ;  the  one  spoken  to,  is  called  the 
second  person  ;  and  the  one  spoken  of,  is 
called  the  third  person. 

Case. 
Case   is    the   relation  of  nouns    and    pro- 
nouns to  other  words. 


Personal  Pronouns.  19 

In  English  there  are  three  cases  generally 
given— the  nominative ^  the  possessive,  the 
objective  (or  accusative). 

To  "  decline "  a  noun  or  pronoun  is  to 
name  its  three  cases  in  the  order  above — 
nominative,  possessive,  objective. 

Kinds  of  Pronouns. 

There  are  four  kinds  of  pronouns  :  per- 
sonaly  relative,  interrogative,  and  adjective. 

Personal  Pronouns. 

A  personal  pronoun  is  one  that  shows  its 
person  by  its  very  form,  or  spelling ;  as,  /, 
thou,  he,  she,  it. 

The  personal  pronouns  are  thus  declined: 

I,  first  person,  any  gender. 

SINGULAR.  PLURAL. 

Nom,  I,  Nom.  we, 

Poss.   my,  or  mine,       Poss,  our,  or  ours,* 

Obj,     me ;  Obj,    us. 

*No  apostrophe  is  used  with  the  possessive  case  of 
pronouns. 


20  Kinds  of  Nouns, 

Thou,   second  person,  any  gender. 

SINGULAR.  PLURAL. 

Norn,  thou,  Nom.  ye,  or  you,"^ 

Poss.  thy,  or  thine,      Poss.   your,  or  yours, 
Obj,     thee ;  Obj\    you. 

He,  third  person,  masculine  gender. 

SINGULAR.  PLURAL. 

Nom,  he,  -        Nom,  they, 

Poss,   his,  Poss,  their,  or  theirs, 

Obj,    him ;  Obj,   them. 

She,  third  person,  feminine  gender. 

Sing.  Nom,  she,  [Same  plural 

Poss,  her,  or  hers,  as  for  he.] 

Obj,   her. 

It,  third  person,  neuter  gender. 
Sing.  iVi:?;/^.  it,  [Same  plural 

Poss,  its,  as  for  he.] 

Obj,  it. 

Note  I. — The  word  j^// added  to  the  personal  pro- 
nouns forms  a  class  of  covipound  personal  pronouns; 
as,  sing,  myself^  plur.  ourselves;  sing,  thyself y  plur. 
yourselves;  sing,  himself ^  herself  ^  itself y  plur.  them- 
selves. They  all  want  the  possessive  case,  and  are 
alike  in  the  nominative  and  objective. 

*  '*  You  "  is  always  plural,  though  often  applied  to 
one. 


Relative  Pronouns,  21 

Note  II. — After  the  possessives  mine,  thine,  and 
his,  the  governing  noun  maybe  expressed  or  under- 
stood ;  as,  It  is  mine,  thine,  or  his  (overcoat).  After 
ours,  yours,  hers,  and  theirs,  the  noun  is  always  under- 
stood. 

Relative  Pronouns. 

A  relative  pronoun  is  one  that  relates  to 
another  noun  or  pronoun  which  is  called  its 
antecedent  (or  that  wJiicJi  goes  before). 

There  are  three  relative  pronouns,  Who, 
which,  and  that;  as,  The  man  who  spoke. 
The  remark  which  he  made.  The  crowd  that 
he  addressed. 

Note  I. — That  is  a  relative  when  it  equals  who  or 
which;  as,  The  man  that  (or  who)  spoke.  The  remark 
that  (of  which)  he  made. 

Note  II. — As  after  the  antecedents  such  or  same, 
is  a  relative;  as,  He  is  such  as  he  ever  was.  Such  as 
are  wise  will  obey. 

Note  III. — But,  after  a  negative  word,  is  some- 
times equivalent  to  a  relative  with  "  not  ";  as.  There 
is  no  man  but  hates  me;  i.e.,  that  hates  me  not.  Such 
is  the  Latin  "  quin'\  But  after  never  is  an  adverb; 
as,  "  It  never  rains  but  it  pours";  i.e.,  "/>^«/itdoes 
not  pour." 

Note  IV. — What,  when  it  equals  that  which,  is 
a  double  pronoun,  which  being  the  relative  and  that 
the  antecedent;  as,  I  see  what  you  mean,  i.e.,  I  see 
that  which  you  mean.  ^ 

What  when  used  otherwise  is  interrogative  or 
iXdamatory;  as,  What  said  he  ?  What  evil  have  I 
done?     What  ho!     I  asked  what  he  meant. 


22  Kinds  of  Nouns, 

The  relative  who  is  thus  declined  in  both 
numbers,  singular  and  plural; 

Norn,  who, 

Poss,  whose, 

Obj,    whom. 
Which  and  that  have  no  case-endings. 

Remark  I. — Who  is  applied  lo persons  only;  which, 
to  things  only;  and  that,  to  both  persons  and  things. 

Remark  II. — The  relative  takes  ih^  gender,  number^ 
and  person  oi  lis  antecedent  ;  as,  I  who  speak.  Thou 
who  speakest.  The  man  or  woman  who  speaks.  We, 
ye,  or  they  who  speak. 

Remark  III. — Whose  is  sometimes  used  for  of 
which;  as,  **  Thou  hadst  a  voice  whose  sound  was  like 
the  sea." 

Interrogative  Pronouns. 

Interrogative  Pronouns  are  in  form  like 
the  relatives.  They  are  used  in  asking  ques- 
tions, and  have  no  antecedents;  as,  Who  did 
it  ?  What  said  he  ?  Whose  son  are  you  ? 
Whom  have  I  offended  ?  I  wonder  who  he 
is? 

Remark. — The  interrogative  maybe  the  antecedent 
of  a  relative;  as.  Who  that  has  common  sense  can 
think  so?  But  one  relative  can  never  be  the  antece- 
dent of  another. 

Adjective  Pronouns. 
Adjective  Pronouns   are   in  form  adjec- 
tives-with  their  nouns  understood;  as.  One 


Remarks  upon  the  Noun.  23 

is  sick.     Allot  her  is  dead.     Many  are  called  : 
few  are  chosen. 

Remarks  upon  the  Noun. 

Nouns  in  English  have  no  case-endings 
for  the  nominative  and  objective,  which  are 
both  alike  in  form.  The  difference  between 
them  is  in  their  tise  only. 

The  possessive  case  of  nouns,  whether 
singular  or  plural,  is  formed  by  adding  to 
the  nominative  an  apostrophe  (').  To  this, 
when  the  word  does  not  end  with  "j,"  an 
".y"  is  to  be  added;  as,  Man,  maris;  men, 
mens.  Princess,  princess';  princesses,  prin- 
cesses'. 

Note  I. — Sometimes,  when  the  noun  itself  ends  with 
**  J,"  we  find  an  "j  "  added  after  the  apostrophe  ;  but 
of  this  there  seems  no  need.  To  prevent  a  hissing 
sound,  after  such  words  a.s  peace,  cottscience,  etc.,  noth- 
ing but  the  apostrophe  is  put  when  the  next  word 
begins  with  an  "j." 

Note  II. — The  number  of  ownerships  is  shown  by 
the  number  of  apostrophes  ;  as,  Cain  and  Abel's 
father — one  father  for  both;  Cain's  and  Abel's  father 
— one  father  for  each. 

Absolutes. 

A  noun  or  pronoun  whose  case  depends 
upon  no  other  word  is  said  to  be  absolute^  or 
independent;   as,  ''Sir"    or  "Madam."     "O 


24  Kinds  of  Nouns. 

me/'  This  last  is  the  only  objective  abso- 
lute. "  Sir  "  and  "  Madam  "  are  nominatives 
of  address  (or  vocatives^. 

The  absolute  word,  though  depending  on 
nothing,  may  often  have  something  depend- 
ing upon  it;  as,  *' This  done,  the  rest  is 
easy." 

Examples. 
Relatives  and  Interrogatives. 

I. 

1.  They  that  touch  pitch  will  be  defiled. 

2.  What  have  I  done  ? 

3.  I  tell  you  that  which  you  yourselves  do 

know. 

4.  What  thou  doest,  do  quickly. 

5.  Who  was  it  that  thus  cried? 

6.  What  do  you  mean  ? 

7.  Ye  have  what  I  advise. 

8.  Whose  son  art  thou  ? 

9.  111  blows  the  wind  that  profits  nobody. 

10.  Repent    what's   past,  avoid  what    is   to 

come. 

11.  He  most  shall  merit  who  can  most  en- 

dure. 

12.  Thou  wilt   keep   him   in   perfect   peace, 

whose  heart  is  stayed  on  Thee. 


PART  III.— VERBS. 
Conjugation. 

To  conjugate  a  verb  is  to  name  four 
things — its  mood,  tense,  person,  and  num- 
ber. A  verb  takes  its  person  and  number 
from  its  subject^  with  which  it  is,  therefore, 
said  to  agree.  Mood  and  tense  belong 
wholly  to  the  verb. 

Mood  means  7nanner.  Tense  means  time. 

Moods. 

There  are  five  moods :  the  Infinitive,  the 
Indicative,  the  Potential,  the  Subjunctive, 
and  the  Imperative. 

Finite  means  limited;  and  infinitive  means 
not-X\m\\,^^. 

The  infinitive  mood  is  that  form  of  the 
verb  which  alone  is  not  limited — as  are  all 
the  other  moods — by  person  and  number. 
Its  sign  is  the  word  to ;  as,  to  be,  to  love,  to 
die. 

Note. — A  verb  in  any  other  mood  than  the  infinitive 
is  called,  by  way  of  distinction,  d,  finite  verb. 
25 


26  Verbs. 


Finite  Moods. 


The  indicative  mood  is  that  form  of  the 
verb  which  simply  indicates,  or  declares  a 
fact,  or  asks  a  question;  as,  I  know  him. 
Who  knows  him  ? 

The  potential  mood  is  that  form  of  the 
verb  which  expresses  liberty,  possibility,  or 
necessity ;  as,  may,  ox  can,  or  must  go. 

The  subjunctive  mood  is  that  form  of 
the  verb  which  expresses  some  doubt,  con- 
dition, or  contingency ;  as,  If  thou  go. 
Were  I  a  king. 

The  imperative  mood  is  that  form  of  the 
verb  which  expresses  a  co7nmand,  exJiorta- 
tio7t,  or  entreaty ;  as.  Obey  me.  Excuse  my 
mistake.     Forgive  us  our  trespasses. 

Tense. 

There  are  three  natural  divisions  of  time, 
— the  present,  the  past,  and  the  future.  In 
Grammar  the  past  and  the  ftiture  are  sub- 
divided ;  the  past  into  three  tenses — pret- 
erit, perfect,  and  pluperfect — and  the 
future  into  two — the  first  and  the  second 
future,  or  the  future  and  the  future  per- 
fect.    Hence  we  have  six  tenses  : 


Tenses.  27 

The  Present, 

to   tell   what    is    happening   now;    as,    He 
sleeps. 

Past  Tenses. 

The  preterit,  to  tell  what  happened  in 
time  fully  past;  as,  He  slept  last  night, 
yesterday,  or  the  day  before. 

The  perfect,  to  tell  what  has  happened 
in  time  not  fully  past ;  as.  He  has  slept  to- 
day, this  week,  or  month,  or  year — any  time 
not  yet  over. 

The  pluperfect,  to  tell  what  had  hap- 
pened before  some  other  past  event ;  as,  Be- 
fore I  woke  him,  he  had  slept  an  hour. 

Future  Tenses. 

The  future  (or  first  future),  to  tell  what 
will  happen  in  time  to  come;"  as.  He  imll 
sleep  to-morrow,  or  the  next  day,  or  next 
week. 

The  future-perfect  (or  second  future), 
to  tell  what  zvill  have  happened  before  some 
other  future  event ;  as,  Before  I  wake  him, 
he  zvill  have  slept  an  hour. 

Note  I. — The  present  and  preterit  tenses  may 
always  be  expressed  in  one  word;  as,  He  sleeps;  he 


28  Verbs. 

slept.  Each  of  the  other  tenses  requires  its  own 
tense-sign;  as,  **have,*'  for  the  perfect;  ''  had,'*  iox 
the  pluperfect;  '' shair*  or  ''will''  for  the  future; 
"  shall  have  "  or  "  will  have,'*  for  the  future-perfect. 
Note  II. — To  form  the  perfect,  the  pluperfect, 
and  the  future-perfect  tenses,  we  must  add  to  the 
tense-signs  ''have*'  and  "had,**  a  word  called  a 
participle. 

The  Participle. 

There  are  three  kinds  of  participles: 
present,  past,  and  perfect. 

The  present  participle  is  formed  from 
the  present  indicative,  and  always  ends  in 
ing ;  as,  Love,  loving;  teach,  teaching. 

The  past  participle  is  likewise  formed 
from  the  present  indicative,  and  regularly 
ends  in  d ;  as,  Love,  loved ;  call,  called. 
Irregular  participles  must  be  separately 
learned.  (See  p.  35.) 

The  perfect  participle  is  formed  by  pre- 
fixing the  word  "  having  ''  (from  the  tense- 
sign  ''have'')  to  the  past  participle;  as, 
Having  loved  ;  having  called. 

Principal  Parts  of  the  Verb. 

The  principal  parts  of  the  verb  are  four: 
namely,  the  one-zvord  tenses — the  present 
and  the  preterit   indicative ;  and  the  one^ 


Conjugation  of  the  Verb  ^^  to  be''  29 

word    participles — the    present    and    the 
past ;  as,  Love^  loved ;  loving^  loved. 

The    neuter   verb    "  to   be "   is   thus   con- 
jugated : 

Principal  Parts. 

PRES.  INF.       PRETERIT  IND.       PRES.   PART.       PAST    PART. 

Be.  Was.  Being.  Been. 

Infinitive  Mood. 

(Not  limited  by  person  and  number.) 
PresentTense,     To  be. 
Perfect  Tense,     To  have  been. 

(Tense-sign,  ''have.'") 

Indicative  Mood. 

(Declares  a  fact,  or  asks  a  question.) 

Present  Tense. 

(What  is  happening  nozu.     One-word.) 

SINGULAR.  PLURAL. 

1.  I  am,  I.  We   are, 

2.  Thou  art,  2.  You     " 

3.  He       is;  3.  They  " 

Preterit  Tense. 
(What  happened  in  time  fully  past.     One-word.) 

SINGULAR.  PLURAL. 

1.  I  was,  I.  We  were, 

2.  Thou  wast,  2.  You      " 

3.  He      was;  3.  They    " 


30  Verbs, 

Perfect  Tense, 

(What    has    happened    in    time  not    yet  fully  past. 
Tense-sign,  ""have.'') 

SINGULAR.  PLURAL. 

1.  I  have  been,      i.  We  have  been, 

2.  Thou  hast      "  2.  You    **        '' 

3.  He      has       "  3.  They  " 


Pluperfect  Tense, 

(What  had  happened  before  some  other  past  event. 
Tense-sign ,  ' '  had. ' ') 

SINGULAR.  PLURAL. 

1.  I    had   been,    i.  We  had  been, 

2.  Thou  hadst   "     2.  You  '' 

3.  He   had    "     3.  They** 


First-future  Tense, 

(What  will  happen    in   time    to   come.     Tense-sign, 
"  shalV  or  "  will.'') 

SINGULAR.  PLURAL. 

1.  I  shall  be,  i.  We  shall  be, 

2.  Thou  wilt     "  2.  You  will    " 

3.  He      will     "  3.  They** 

Note.  —  '*  I     wilV    implies    willingness,       "Thou 
shaltj'  or  "he  shall,''  implies  obligation. 


Conjugaiio7t  of  the  Verb  "^  to  be,''  31 

Second' future  Tense, 

(What  will  have  happened  before  some  other  future 
time.     Tense-signs,  ''  shall  have''  or  "  will  have J"^ 

SINGULAR. 

1.  I  shall  have  been, 

2.  Thou  wilt      " 

3.  He      will       " 

PLURAL. 

1.  We  shall  have   been, 

2.  You  will        ''  " 

3.  They   '' 

Potential  Mood. 

(Liberty,     "w^y";      possibility,    "<:aw";      necessity, 
**  must,'* 

Present  Tense, 

(Mood  and  tense-signs,  **  may,'^  ''can,''  "must,") 

SINGULAR.  PLURAL. 

1.  I  may     be,  i.  We    may  be, 

2.  Thou  mayst   "  2.  You     "       " 

3.  He       may      "  3.  They  ''       " 

Preterit  Te7tse. 

(Mood  and  tense-signs,  '' 7night''  ''could,''  "would," 
and  "  should.") 

SINGULAR.  PLURAL. 

1.  I  might     be,     i.  We  might  be, 

2.  Thou  mightst   "       2.   You      "•       " 

3.  He       might       "       3.  They    "       " 


32  Verbs, 

Perfect  Tense, 

(Tense-sign,  '*  have.'') 

SINGULAR. 

1.  I  may     have  been, 

2.  Thou  mayst      "         " 

3.  He       may        ^*         " 

PLURAL. 

1.  We  may  have  been, 

2.  You    " 

3.  They  *'        " 

Pluperfect  Tense, 

(Note  this  irregular  **  have''   for  pluperfect.) 

SINGULAR. 

1.  I  might     have  been, 

2.  Thou  mightst      "•        " 

3.  He       might         "        " 

PLURAL. 

1.  We  might  have  been, 

2.  You      " 

3.  They    " 
Subjunctive  Mood. 

(Doubtful,  conditional,  contingent.) 
(No  personal  ending  of  verbs  in  this  mood. — See 
Note  I.^page  34.) 

Present  Tense, 
This  tense  of  the  Subjunctive  implies  2^  future  con- 
tingency  and  depends  on  some  word  that  implies  time 
to  be.  This  word  may  be  shall  or  will  —  the 
signs  of  the  Future  Indicative — or  an  Imperative 
—  a     something    to     be    done  ;    or    nouns,    such    as 


Conjugation  of  the  Verb  '^  to  be"  33 

hope,  wish^  desire,  expectation,  which  all  look  to  some- 
thing in  time  yet  to  be. — See  Remark  under  Preterit 
Tense,  below. 

SINGULAR.  PLURAL. 

1.  If  I         be,  I.   If  we   be, 

2.  If  thou    "  2.  If  you    '' 

3.  If  he       "  3.  If  they  " 

Preterit  Tense. 
This  tense  of  the  Subjunctive  implies  a  mere  sup- 
position of  what  is  not  true, 

SINGULAR.  PLURAL. 

1.  If  I         were,  i.  If  we  were, 

2.  If  thou  were  or  wert,         2.  If  you    " 

3.  If  he      were ;  3.  If  they  " 

N.  B. — After  "if,"  "though,"  etc.,  the  Indicative 
is  used  where  neither  futurity  is  implied,  nor  suppo- 
sition of  what  is  not  so  ;  as,  "  If  he  makes  debts,  he 
pays  them."      "  Though  I  was  there,  I  did  not  vote." 

Remark. — After  the  subjects  "hope,"  ''wish," 
etc.,  the  Subjunctive  member  is  used  as  the  attribute; 
as,  "  My  hope  is  t/iat  he  conies 

Imperative  Mood. 

Cotftmands   (an    inferior),  exhorts   (an    equal),    entreats 
(a  superior). 

Present  Tense. 
Singular.     2.   Be  [thou],  or  Do  thou  be. 
Plural.    2.  Be  [ye  or  you],  or  Do  you  be. 

Remark. — The  'Imperative  is  also  used  in  the  ist 
and  3d  persons;  as,  "Break  we  our  watch  up." 
"Thy  kingdom  come."     "  Be  it  so." 


34  Verbs. 

Note  I. — The  only  personal  endings  of  a  verb  in 
any  mood  are  "  t "  or  "  st  "  for  the  2d  person  singular; 
and  "s"  for  the  3d  person  singular  in  the  present 
indicative  07ily. 

Note  II. — Any  verb  is  neuter  for  which  the  verbs 
"to  be"  or  "  to  become"  may  be  substituted;  as, 
"  When  the  weather  gets  cold,  the  leaves  turn  brown.*' 

Remarks  on  Conjugation. 

All   verbs   may  be   conjugated   according 
to  this  pattern  of  the  verb  "  to  be  ;  "  as, 
Do,     did,     doing,     done. 

PRES.    IND.  PRET.    IND. 

I  do,  we  do.       I  did,  we  did. 

Thou  dost,    you  do.    Thou  didst,    you  did. 
He  does,"^      they  do.  He  did,  they  did. 

Besides  this  simple  form  of  the  one-word 
tenses — present  and  preterit  —  there  are 
two  compound  forms.  One  makes  use  of  the 
word  above,  "  do  "  ;  as,  I  do  love.  Thou  dost 
love.  He  does  love,  for  the  present ;  and  I 
did  love.  Thou  didst  love,  He  didlowQ,  for  the 
preterit.  This  form  is  generally  used  in 
denying  a  fact ;  as,  I  did  not  love,  etc.  The 
other  makes  use  of  iht present  participle  \ing\ 
which  is  added  to  any  part  of  the  verb  "to 
be  ";  as,  I  am  doing.  Thou  art  doing ;  I  was 

*  In  the   third    person   singular,   the   solemn    stylQ  . 
changes  s  to  th;  as,  he  giveth,  taketh,  etc. 


Some  Irregular  Verbs. 


35 


doing.  Thou  wast  doing,  etc.  This  form,  in 
all  the  moods  and  tenses  of  the  verb,  ex- 
presses continuance. 

Formation  of  Passive  Verbs. 

To  form  the  passive   verb,  add  to  any 
part  of  the  verb  ''to  be''  the  one-zvord  past 
participle  of  the  transitive  verb  ;  as, 
I  am  loved.       Thou  art  loved,     He  is  loved, 
"    "   seen,  "       "    seen,         "    "  seen, 

"    "   sent,  "       "    sent,         "    "  sent. 

"    "    taught,         "       "    taiight,     *'    "  taught. 

Note. — The  Past  Participle  is  always  «^«-transi- 
tive. 

Some  Irregular  Verbs. 


PRESENT. 

PRETERIT. 

PRESENT                    PAST 
PARTICIPLE.      PARTICIPLE. 

Beat, 

beat. 

-ing, 

beaten  or  beat. 

Bid, 

bid  or  bade 

bidden  or  bid. 

Break, 

broke 

(( 

broken. 

Choose, 

chose. 

(< 

chosen. 

Come, 

came, 

i( 

come. 

*Do, 

did, 

n 

done. 

Draw, 

drew, 

n 

drawn. 

Drink, 

drank, 

if 

drunk  or  drank. 

Fall, 

fell, 

(t 

fallen. 

Flee, 

fled, 

it 

fled. 

Fly, 

flew, 

i( 

flown. 

36 


Verbs, 


PRESENT. 

PRETERIT.  • 

PRESENT                    PAST 
PARTICIPLE.         PARTICIPLE. 

Forsake 

:,  forsook. 

-ing 

forsaken. 

Freeze, 

froze, 

a 

frozen. 

Give, 

gave, 

a 

given. 

^Go, 

went. 

n 

gone. 

Grow, 

grew. 

<( 

grown. 

Know, 

knew. 

n 

known. 

*Lay, 

laid, 

a 

laid. 

^Lie, 

lay, 

lying 

,  lain. 

See, 

saw, 

-ing 

,  seen. 

^Set, 

set, 

n 

set. 

^-Sit, 

sat, 

n 

sat. 

Shake, 

shook, 

a 

shaken. 

Slay, 

slew. 

a 

slain. 

Smite, 

smote. 

<< 

smitten  or  smit. 

Steal, 

stole. 

ii 

stolen. 

Strive, 

strove, 

(( 

striven. 

Swear, 

swore, 

<( 

sworn. 

Take, 

took, 

(i 

taken. 

Tear, 

tore. 

n 

torn. 

Tread, 

trod. 

n 

trodden  or  trod, 

Throw, 

threw. 

li 

thrown. 

Wear, 

wore 

n 

worn. 

Obs.  The  verbs  marked  *  are  most  often  misused. 


"  Ought "  ana  ''  Have." 

The  transitive  verb  ''ought''   has  no  tense-sign  of 
its  own,  but  takes  its  present  or  past  from  its  object — 


Simple  Sentences.  37 

the  infinitive  that   follows  it;  as,  "I  ought  to  go;  I 
ought  to  Jiave  gone.^^ 

After  the  verb  '' have^''  the  infinitive  implying  a 
need  or  obligation,  may  be  parsed  as  the  object,  "  We 
have  to  sleep  ;  we  have  to  die,"  means  we  have  a  need 
to  sleep;  or,  we  have  need  of  sleeping,  etc. 

Remark. — Any  word  may  be  used  as  a  verb  ;  as, 
"  It  out-herods  Herod." 

You  head  the  list  ; 

I  hand  the  quill, 
And  toe  the  mark, 

And  foot  the  bill. 


Simple  Sentences. 

Give   in    each    example    the    mood    and 
tense  of  the  verb. 

I. 

1.  Great   praise   the    Duke    of   Marlboro' 
won. 

2.  Did  ever  knight  so  foul  a  deed  ? 

3.  Thou  thy  worldly  task  hast  done. 

4.  And  him  thus  answered  soon  his  bold 
compeer. 

5.  Give  us  this  day  our  daily  bread. 

6.  Twilight  gray  had  in  her  sober  livery 
all  things  clad. 


38  Simple  Sentences. 

7.  Was  ever  woman  in  this  humor  won? 

8.  Still  would   her  touch  the  strain  pro- 
long. 

9.  Sweet  Christabel  her  feet  doth  bare. 

10.  She  all  night  long  her  amorous  descant 
sung. 

II. 

1.  Henceforth  his  might  we  know. 

2.  Can  she  the  bodiless  dead  espy? 

3.  His  face  deep  scars  of  thunder  had  in- 
trenched. 

4.  I  will  deny  thee  nothing. 

5.  Such    resting   found    the   soles    of   un- 
blessed feet. 

6.  Me    mightier     transports    move    and 
thrill. 

7.  O  never  shall  sun  that  morrow  see. 

8.  Devil  with  devil  damned  firm  concord 
holds. 

9.  With  this  ring  I  thee  wed. 

10.  Their  fatal  hands  no  second  stroke  in- 
tend. 

III. 

1.  A  thing  of  beauty  is  a  joy  forever. 

2.  Few  sorrows  hath  she  of  her  own. 

3.  Me  only  cruel  immortality  consumes. 


Simple  Sente?ices.  39 

4.  Some  pious  drops  the  closing  eye  re- 
quires. 

5.  Home  they  brought  her  warrior  dead. 

6.  Pale  grew  thy  cheek  and  cold. 

7.  Ten  thousand  saw  I  at  a  glance. 

8.  Oft  did  the  harvest  to  their  sickle  yield. 

9.  To  me  alone  there  came  a  thought  of 
grief. 

10.  This  to  me  in  dreadful  secrecy  impart 
they  did. 

IV. 

1.  Other  refuge  have  I  none. 

2.  Much  have  I  seen  and  known. 

3.  Dwells  in  all  heaven  charity  so  dear? 

4.  Thee  nor  carketh  care  nor  slander. 

5.  Me    my    own    fate    to    lasting    sorrow 
doometh. 

6.  Him  of  the  infernal  gods  have  I  desired. 

7.  Now  is  done  thy  long  day's  work. 

8.  No  more  shall  grief  of  mine  the  seasons 
wrong. 

9.  Cleaves  my  helpless  soul  to  Thee. 

10.  Heaven   from  all  creatures  hides  the 
book  of  fate. 

V. 

I.   The    ploughman    homeward  plods   his 
weary  way. 


40  Si77iple  Sentences, 

2.  Flashed  all  their  sabres  bare. 

3.  Then  pledged  we  the  wine-cup. 

4.  Why  should  we  yet  the  sail  unfurl  ? 

5.  Much  have  I  travelled  in  the  realms  of 
gold. 

6.  Her  song  the  lint-white  swelleth. 

7.  Now  fades  the  glimmering   landscape 
on  the  sight. 

8.  Faith   and   unfaith  can   ne'er  be  equal 
powers. 

9.  Unfaith  in  aught  is  want  of  faith  in  all. 

10.  Thy  wheel   and    thou   are  shadows  in 
the  cloud. 

VI. 

1.  Of  one  deep  bliss  thine   ear  hath  been 
bereft. 

2.  Once  did  she  hold  the  gorgeous  East  in 
fee. 

3.  He  all  the  country  could  outrun. 

4.  The  captive  linnets  which  enthrall? 

5.  Thou  hast  thy  father  much  offended. 

6.  Him    running   on    thus    hopefully   she 
heard. 

7.  What  female  heart  can  gold  despise  ? 

8.  More  doleful  place  did  never  eye  sur- 
vey. 

9.  Thou  my  being  gavest  me. 


A  Suggestion  to  the  Teacher,  41 

10.  Heaven  have  her  in  its  sacred  keep  ! 

Give  the  mood  and  tense  of  the  verb  "  cut,'  in  each 
of  the  following  : 

1.  If  you  cut  your  finger,  you  cry. 

2.  "     "    cut      "         *'         you  cried. 

3.  "     "    cut      "         **         you  will  cry. 

4.  **      "     cut      "  "         cry. 

5.  "     "    cut     "         **        you  would  cry. 

A  Suggestion  to  the  Teacher. 

Here  the  Analysis,  p.  47,  and  Rules  L,  H., 
HI.,  IV.,  p.  65,  may  be  learned  and  appHed. 

To  begin  the  analysis  with  the  finite  verb ; 
to  determine  whether  the  verb  is  transitive 
or  ;/(?;/-transitive,  and  so  finis Ji  the  predicate 
before  seeing  the  subject,  is  to  master  the 
difficulties. 


PART  IV.— REMARKS  UPON  ADJEC- 
TIVES,  ADVERBS,    CONJUNCTIONS, 
AND  PREPOSITIONS. 

Remarks  upon  Adjectives. 

An  Adjective  either  shows  the  quality y 
quantity,  or  rank  of  the  noun  which  it  modi- 
fies ;  or  merely  demonstrates,  or  singles  it 
out ;  as,  A  good  character,  A  large  fortune, 
ThQ  first  martyr.  This  or  that  man. 

'*  Comparison  "  of  Adjectives. 

To  compare  an  adjective  is  either  to  in- 
crease or  lessen  its  force.  There  are  three 
grades,  or  degrees,  of  comparison,  called 
positive,  comparative,  and  superlative  ;  as. 
Great,  greater,  greatest ;  good,  better,  best. 

The  simplest  form  of  the  adjective  is  the 
positive.  From  this  the  comparative  is  reg- 
tilarly  formed  by  adding  er  ;  and  the  super- 
lative, by  adding  est ;  or  by  prefixing  the 
adverbs  more  and  most,  or  less  and  least ;  as, 
(Pos.)  happy — (Cojnp.)  happier,  or  7nore  happy 
— (Superl.)  happiest,  or  most  happy ;  less 
happy,  least  happy. 

42 


Memory  Lines.  43 

Irregular  comparisons  must  be  separately 
learned. 

Memory   Lines. 

To  bodies,  color,  shape y  and  sisie 
And  iveight,  the  adjective  supplies ; 
And  gives  to  things  we  cannot  see 
Their  rank,  and  zvorth,  and  quality. 

Remarks  upon  Adverbs. 

An  adverb  shows  the  tirne,  place,  manner, 
means,  cause,  degree,  purpose,  or  consequence^ 
or  merely  asks  about  these  things  ;  as,  I 
shall  go  zvhen  he  comes.  When  will  he  come  ? 
The  tree  fell  zvhere  it  stood.  Where  did  it 
stand  ?  etc. 

"  Comparison  "  of  Adverbs. 

Adverbs  that  admit  of  comparison  follow 
always  the  pattern  of  the  adjective  ;  as, 
Gladly,  more  gladly,  7nost  gladly ;  well,  bet- 
ter, best,  etc. 

Memory  Lines. 

The  time,  Xh^  place,  or  whither,  whence ; 
The  manner  how,  the  reason  zvhy  : 
T\\Q  purpose,  cause,  and  consequence — 
The  adverb  Can  alone  supply. 


44  Adjectives,  Adverbs,  Conjunctions, 

Conjunctions  and  Prepositions. 

A  conjunction  is  a  link-word  that  stands 
between  other  words.  It  is  generally  an  ad- 
verb in  use  ;  but  the  following  five  are  simple 
conjunctions  :  And,  but,  yet,  or,  either ;  as,  I 
and\\^.     He  is  old,  but  happy. 

A  preposition  is  a  word  that  stands  before 
another  word,  with  which  it  forms  a  phrase, 
the  two  together  generally  equalling  an  ad- 
verb ;  as.  At  night  {zvhen).  With  companions 
{Jiozv),  In  prison  {where).  For  stealing  {zvhy). 
Sometimes,  but  rarely,  it  equals  an  adjec- 
tive ;  as,  "  He  is  of  age,''  "A  man  ^/honor.'* 
"He  is  about  to  speak." 

Note  I. — The  preposition  is  sometimes  (and  often 
in  poetry)  written  after  the  word  it  governs  ;  but  in 
analysis  it  must  be  placed  before  ;  as,  The  boy  whom 
I  asked  for.     The  boy  for  whom  I  asked. 

Note  II. — Prepositions  standing  alone  are  always 
adverbs  ;  as,  He  went  up  as  I  cameV(72£/«. 

Apposition. 

When  a  noun  or  pronoun  is  used,  like  an 
adjective,  to  explain  another  noun  or  pro- 
noun, it  is  said  to  be  in  apposition  with  the 
word  which  it  explains  and  agrees  with  it 
in  case ;  as,  "Christ  our  Lord,''  "Simon,  son 


List  of  Prepositions.  45 

of  Jonas,*'  •*  I,  Paul  myself,''  "  Hamlet  the 
Dane,'" 

Note. — The  word  in  apposition  never  stands  in  the 
done,  and  may  always  be  substituted  for  the  word  it 
explains,  without  changing  the  sense. 

N.  B. — The  Relative  is  7iever  so  used. 

List  of  Prepositions. 

With  on  for  after,  at  by  in, 
Against  instead  of,  near,  between, 
By  off  from  under,  down  below, 
Through  over  up,  according  to, 
Athwart  across,  beyond  about, 
Before,  behind,  within,  without, 
Among,  around,  amidst,  above, 
Toward  notwithstanding,  into  of, 
Beside  aboard,  betwixt  upon — 
Are  Prepositions,  every  one. 

Note. — Some  of  these  words  are  often  grafted  upon 
a  verb  (sometimes  at  the  beginning  of  it,  sometimes 
at  the  end)  so  as  to  form  2i  part  of  it;  as,  overzova^^ 
undergo,  overlook,  etc.  In  the  passive  form  they 
come  at  the  end  of  the  verb;  as,  The  reference  was 
looked  n/>,  the  author  found  out  and  sent  /or. 
The  added  word  gives  a  new  meaning  to  the  verb, 
and  is  a  real  part  of  it. 


PART  v.— THE  SENTENCE  AND  ITS 
KINDS. 

The  Sentence. 

A  sentence  is  a  group  of  words  making 
complete  sense,  and  marked  by  a  period ;  as, 
**  Time  flies."  '*  Seasons  return."  *'  Life  is 
real." 

Note. — The  sign  of  Question  (?)  or  Exclamation  (!) 
is  sometimes  put  in  place  of  the  period,  but  only  as 
a  /^«<f-mark. 

A  sentence  must  have  two  parts,  a  sub- 
ject and  a  predicate ;  as,  *'  Time  flies." 
Here  time  is  the  subject,  and  fiies  is  the 
predicate. 

The  subject  is  the  person  or  thing  that 
tJie  predicate  speaks  of.  When  we  say,  **  Time 
flies,"  time  is  the  thing  that  the  predicate 
speaks  of. 

The  predicate  is  whatever  is  said  about 
the  subject.  In  the  sentence,  "  Time  flies," 
flies  is  what  is  said  about  the  subject.  Time. 

The  predicate  always  begins  with  a  fijiite 
verb,  and  consists  of — : 
46 


The  Member  and  the  Phrase.  47 

1.  A  non-\.xz.x\^.  verb  alone ;  as, 

'*Time— yf^V^." 

2.  A  //^A^-trans.  verb  +  its  Att,;  as, 

Att. 

"Christ  — /i-  +  6^^^." 

Att. 

"Life— ^5+  reaiy 

3.  A  trans,  verb  +  its  ^<^'. ;  as, 

o 

"  Qio^—made  +  many 
Note. — In  analyzing  a  sentence,  we  say,  "The 
predicate  consists  of  the  «^«-trans.  verb  alone,  or  of 
the  «r«-trans.  verb  +  att.,  or  of  the  trans,  verb  -f 
obj.,''  putting  the  sign -|- between  the  verb  and  the 
other  word,  and  separating  the  whole  predicate  from 
the  subject  by  a  dash,  as  in  the  sentences  above.  We 
then  have  what  may  be  called  the  bone  of  the  sentence. 

The  Member  and  the  Phrase. 

A  member  is  a  group  of  words  having  a 
subject  and  a  predicate,  but  forming  only  a 
part  of  a  sentence;  as,  *' While  the  sun 
shines/'  "  When  the  wind  blows."  "  Were 
it  so."  "  Which  came  yesterday."  "  Whom 
you  saw." 

A  phrase  is  a  group  of  words  having  no 
subject  or  predicate,  and  used  as  a  noun,  or 
an  adjective,  or  an  adverb. 

Note  I  — The  sentence  is  a  whole  thing,  of  which 
the  member  and  the  phrase  are  \i\x\. parts.  The  mem- 
ber has  all  that  the  sentence  has,  except  complete  sense; 
the  phrase  has  iht  meaning  of  a  single  word. 


48  The  Sentence  and  its  Kinds. 

Note  II. — Phrases  generally  consist  of — 

1.  A  preposition  and  its  object;  as,  "At  dawn." 
**  About  noon."     '*  After  sunset." 

2.  A   participle   and    its    object    or   attribute  ;   as, 

o  ^  Att 

**  Seeing    -{-    me."     "Being   +  sick,"     "Chosen   + 
Att. 
king." 

3.  An  infinitive  alone,  or  with  its  object  or  attri- 
bute ;    as,   "To  walk."     "To    dream."     "To    make 

o  Alt. 

-|-  friends."     *'  To  be  -j-   men."     "  To  be   called  + 

Att. 
master." 

Note  III. — The  use  and  not  the  form  of  a  word,  a 

phrase,  or  a  member,  determines   its  analysis  ;    as, 

"The  well  \s  deep."     "  I  dig  a  well."     **  He  is  well." 

"  He  sleeps  well.''  "  The  waters  welliorth."   "  Well" 

well,   7vell r      "The    watchman    makes    his    round." 

"  Worms  round  themselves  into  a  ball."    "  The  earth 

is    round.''     "  The  wheel    turns    round  and    round.'* 

"  Look  r^ww^  the  corner."    "  He  moves  «^^«/."   "He 

moves  about  the  room."     "  He  is  about  the  same." 

Whatever  stands  as  the  subject  or  object 
of  a  verb  is,  in  use,  a  noun. 

The  attribute  may  be  a  noun  or  an  ad- 
jective. 

Note  I. — When  the  attribute  is  an  adjective  word 
or  phrase,  a  noun,  meaning  the  same  person  or  thing 
as  the  subject,  is  always  understood  ;  "  He  is  honest, 
— he  is  to  be  trusted,"  means  "  He  is  an  honest  man 
— a  man  to  be  trusted — trustworthy .'' 

Note  II. — The  subject  and  attribute  must  agree 
in  case.     When  they  happen  to  agree  in  person  and 


Forms  of  Nouns,  Adjectives^  Adverbs.       49 

number,  as,  "Who  is  he?*'  a  change  of  person  will 
determine  which  is  which;  as,  "Who  aw//"*  "Who 
art  thou?'' — the  verb  thus  agreeing  with  the  subject* 
alone. 

Forms    of  Nouns,  Adjectives,   Adverbs. 

A  noun,  an  adjective,  or  an  adverb  may 
appear  as  a  single  word,  a  phrase,  or  a 
member,  v.  g. : 

Att. 
Noun  word;  as  ''Prayer  —  is  +  natural." 

I  Att. 

Noun  phrase  ;  as,  *'  To  pray  V  is -|- natural." 


Noun     member;     as,     "  That     men    pray    >•    is   -f" 
Att.  ) 

natural." 

Adjective  word ;  as,  "  An  honest  man." 
Adjective  phrase  ;  as,  '*  A  man  of  honor, '' 
Adjective  member  ;  as,  "  A  man  who  is  honest.'* 
Adverb  word;  as,  "  The  dew  iacUs  gently.*' 
Adverb  phrase  ;  as,  "The  dew  falls  at  twilight.** 
Adverb  number;  as,  "The  dew  falls  when  the  sun 

sets.'* 

Remark. — No  adverb  word  or  phrase  stands  in  the 

bone. 

Note. — When  the  subject  is  a  group  of  words,  we 


mark  it  thus  :    >■    ;  when  the  object  or  attribute  is  a 

.'    using     the    sign     t        \    to    mark    a 
group,  thus  :    X        group  object,  and  the  sign  Att.  to 
'         mark  a  group  attribute. 


50  The  Sentence  and  its  Kinds. 

The  Three  Kinds  of  Sentences. 

Every  sentence  is  simple,  or  compound, 
or  complex. 

A  simple  sentence  consists  of  one  sub- 
ject  and  one  predicate ;  as,  "  God  is  good."* 

N.  B. — A  sentence  with  less  than  ivjo  complete  m^m- 
bers  must  always  remain  simple  ;  as,  "1  know  God  is 
good,*'  For,  so  long  as  a  transitive  verb  stands  with- 
out its  object  there  is  no  complete  member,  nor  can 
there  be  a  second  member  till  the  Jirst  is  finished. 
See  pp.  53  and  54. 

A  compound  sentence  consists  of  two 
or  mor^  independent  members,  connected 
by  one  of  the  five  simple  conjunctions  ;  viz., 
a?id,  buty  yet,  either,  or  ;  as,  **  Men  may  come 
and  men  may  go,  but  I  go  on  forever." 

A  complex  sentence  is  one  that  contains 
an  adjective  or  an  adverb  manber  ;  as,  "  Small 
service  is  true  service  while  it  lasts."  **  He 
prayeth  best  who  loveth  best." 

An  adjective  member  is  one  that  contains 
a  relative  pronoujty  expressed  or  understood, 
in   the  bone  of  it ;    i.e.,  7tot   governed  by  a 

*  When  a  phrase  or  member  (as  on  pages  53  and 
54)  is  used  as  subject,  attribute,  or  object,  the  kind 
of  the  sentence  in  which  it  occurs  is  in  no  wise 
changed.  The  same  is  true  of  a  group  in  apposi- 
tion. 


The  Three  Kinds  of  Sentences. 


51 


preposition  ;  "^  as,  "  Who  was  seen."   "  Whom 
you  saw."     **  Whose  son  you  are." 

Att. 

Example.     The  boy  —  is  -f-  absent. 


You  — seek  +  whom 
You  —  have  -\-  book 


who  — did  +  it 


Att. 

is  -|-  absent, 


whose 

An  adverb  member  is  introduced  by  an 
adverb  expressed  or  understood  ;  as,  **  While 
the  sun  shines."  "  WJien  the  wind  blows." 
"  Were  it  so."     "  Had  I  been  present." 

The  relative  with  its  governing  preposition 
forms,  generally,  an  adverb  phrase. 

Example.     The  boy 
You  —  speak  I 
of  whom 
You  —  are  interested 
in  whom 

o 

You  —  sent  +  it 

I  to  whom 
for       " 
by       " 
with      " 
from      " 

*  Exception.— When  of  -which,  or  of  whom,  equals 
whose,  the  member  is  an  adjective  in  use  ;  as,  "The 
man  of  whom  you  drew  a  likeness,  is  dead," 


52  The  Sentence  and  its  Kinds, 

Note  I. — A  sentence  containing  a  relative  pronoun 
is  always  complex  in  construction. 

Note  II. — The  antecedent  is  sometimes  understood; 
as,  Who  steals  my  purse,  steals  trash  :  or  the  Rela- 
tive ;  as.  Take  the  goods  the  gods  provide  thee  :  or 
the  Preposition  before  the  relative  ;  as,  I  left  the  day 
that  he  came  :  or  both  Relative  and  Prepositioji ;  as,  I 
left  the  day  he  came. 

Note  III. — Datives  and  ablatives  are,  in  use,  ad- 
verbs. 


Introductory  Words. 

That  and  there  are  often  introductory 
words :  there,  when  it  does  not  mean  in 
that  place ;  as,  "  There  are  two;"  ^wdi  that, 
when  it  merely  introduces  a  member  ;  as, 
"  That  he  is  honest."  When  so  used  these 
words  have  no  real  value  in  parsing  or 
analysis,  and  are  therefore  left  out. 

The  Subject  of  the  Infinitive. 

When  the  member  introduced  by  ^^ that'* 
is  the  object  of  a  transitive  verb,  the  "  that  " 
may  be  omitted  without  changing  the  sense  ; 
as,    ''  I    think   that    he   is    honest,"  =  I  — 

think  -[-  j  he  —  is  +  honest.     Here  we  may 

change  the  finite  verb  is  into  the  infinitive 
to   be,  and  the  nominative   he  into  the  ob- 


The  Infinitive  Member,       ,  53 

jective  case  him ;  as,  I  —  think  \  him  —  to 

Att.  .  ^ 

be  4-  honest."^ 

Note. — The  neuter  verb  to  be,  or  to  become,  in  this 
construction,  is  often  understood;  as,  "I  think  him 
honest." 

The  Infinitive  Member. 

As  \,\\c  finite  member  used  as  subject ,  attri- 
bute, or  apposition,  demands  the  word  "  that,'* 
so  the  infinitive  member,  used  in  Hke  man- 
ner, demands  the  word  '' for''  \  as,  For  him 

)  Att. 

—  to  lie  \  is  -f-  impossible — i.e.,  that  he  should 

lie.  It  may  be  used  also  as  the  object  of  a 
preposition;  as.  There  is  no  reason /<?r  him 
to  lie ;  i.Q.,  for  this. 

Note  I. — Either  the  finite  or  infinitive  may  be  used 
after  such  verbs  as  think,  knoWy  believe^  etc. ;  but  the 
verb  say  is  never  followed  by  the  infinitive,  and  the 
verb  take,  never  by  \.\\^  finite  form;  as,  "  I  say  he  is 
honest  ;   1  take  hiyii  to  be  honest." 

Note  II. — The  transitive  verbs  bid,  dare,  feel, 
hear,  let,  make,  need,  and  see,  are  generally  followed 
by  the  infinitive   without   its   sign  to  ;  as,  I  saw  him 

die  =  I  —  saw  -f-  \  him  —  to  die.     (See  p.  63.) 

Remark. — The  subject  of  the  infinitive  is  never  ««- 

dersiood. 

In  Latin,  this  construction  is  so  often  used  that  the 

English  member  having  an  introductory  "that"  be- 

*  A  change  of  sense  proves  the  infin.  group  2,  phrase; 
as,  I  —  teach  \    t       >  Att. 

I     >•  to  be -|- honest;  i.e., /^^w  to  be  honest, 
him  ) 
or  the  virtue  of  honesty — not  the  fact  that  he  is  so. 


54  "The  Sentence  and  its  Kinds. 

comes  in    Latin,  generally,   the   accusative  with   the 
infinitive  ;  as, 

I  -know  \  God  -  is  +  good. 

(  Deum  —  esse  +  bonum, 

Att.    I         ^         Att. 
Deum  —  esse  -|-  bonum  f   —  is  -f  certain. 
Att. 
I  —  am  +  certain. 

I  Att. 

Deum  —  esse  -\-  bonu7?t. 

Remark. — When,  instead  of  the  introductory  word 
thaty  the  member  is  introduced  by  an  interrogative 
(or  question)  word — as,  who?  which?  what?  when? 
where  ?  whether  ?  why?  etc. — it  takes  in  Latin,  in- 
stead oi  the  infinitive,  the  verb  in  the  subjunctive;  as, 

I  —  ask  -)-i    who  —  comes. 
(  quis  —  veniat. 

I  —  ask  +-<  why,  how,  when,  he  —  comes. 
(  cur,  quomodo,  quando  veniat. 


Note  IIL — After  some  verbs,  such  as  name,  call, 
keepy  hold,  etc.,  there  seems  to  be  sometimes  an  infini- 
tive understood;  as,  "  I'll  call  thee  Hamlet.''  "  Keep 
thyself  pure.'"  The  last  word  in  each  of  these  sen- 
tences is  an  attribute,  for  it  completes  the  sense. 

Remark. — The  object  of  such  verbs  is  no  single 
word,  but  a  group  of  words  showing  2i  fact  or  result 
brought  about  by  the  subject.  Frost  cannot  make 
leaves^  nor  can  fire  keep  a  house;  but  frost  makes 
leaves  fall ^  and  fire  keeps  a  house  warm.     (See  p.  63.) 


''  Thatr  55 

"  That/' 

,  When  tJiat  —  the,  it  is,  in  use,  an  adjec- 
tive ;  as,  "  I  bought  that  book." 

Remark. — The  plural  of  the  adjective  "that"  is 
"these." 

When  that  =  who  or  ivhich,  it  is,  in  use, 
a  relative  ;  as,  "  The  man  that  you  saw  is 
dead."  When  so  used,  it  must,  if  it  follows 
a  preposition,  be  changed  to  which  or  whom. 
See  p.  21,   Note  i. 

When  that  —  on  purpose  that,  or  that  in 
consequence,  it  is,  in  use,  an  adverb  ;  as,  **  I 
come  tJiat  I  may  bring  him."  "  He  was  so 
kind  that  I  loved  him." 

When  that  may  be  omitted  without  chang- 
ing the  sense,  it  is  merely  introductory  ;  as, 
**  I  hope  that  he  is  at  rest." 

Note. —  That  as  a  relative  is  preferable  to  who  or 
which — 

1.  When  the  principal  member  begins  with  // ;  as, 
"  It  was  I  that  spoke." 

2.  After  the  adjective  same;  as,  "This  is  the 
same  man  that  I  saw." 

3.  After  any  adjective  in  the  superlative  degree  ; 
as,  "  The  oldest  that  I  know." 

4.  Whenever  the  gender  of  the  antecedent  is 
doubtful  ;  as,  "  The  child  that  you  met." 

5.  When  the  relative  is  restrictive.  (See  p.  69, 
Note  III.) 


56  The  Sentence  and  its  Kinds, 

"  It." 

This  word  is  often  used  with  a  group  in 
apposition;'^  as,  "  It  is  base  to  lie."  "  It  is 
certain  that  he  died."  To  use  the  apposi- 
tion in  place  of  "it,"   often    simplifies  the 

fAtt. 
is  4"  base.      That   he 

died    {•   is  -|-  certain. 

"When,"  "Where,"  Etc. 

Whenever  these  words  are  not  Interrog- 
ative, they  equal  the  relative  "  which  "  and 
a  preposition,  and  either  refer  to  a  foregoing 
noun,  or  else  to  a  noim  and  preposition  under- 
stood in  such  words  as  "  then  "  and  "  there." 
When  the  foregoing  noun  is  expressed 
"  when  "  and  "  where  "  should  be  analyzed 
as  phrases  ;  as,  "  O'er  the  grave  where  (in 
which)  our  hero  lies  sleeping."  "  It  was  the 
time  when  {at  which)  lilies  blow." 

"  Than.^^ 

The  conjunction  "  than''  always  introduces 
another  member,  of  which  one  of  the  princi- 
pal parts  is  often  understood  ;  as,  "  He  is 
older  than  I  [am  old)!'  "  Lovest  thou  me 
more  than  these  ?"  i.e.,  than  these  love  me. 

*  See  p.  45. 


The  Question. 


57 


Absolutes. 

(See  Part  II.,  last  paragraph.) 

Absolutes,   to    show   that    they    depend 
upon  nothing,  may  be  indicated  thus  : 


this 
done 

Sir 

0  me 

Note. — The  absolute  with  a  dependent  participle 
equals  an  adverb  member,  as  do  also  such  expres- 
sions as  "  generally  speaking,"  "strange  to  say," 
'*  considering  the  circumstances,"  "to  tell  the 
truth,"  etc.,  which  are  likewise  rt<^j^/i^/^.  V.g.,  "This 
done"  =  When  this  is,  was,  or  had  been,  done. 
"  Generally  speaking  "  =  if  we  speak  in  general,  etc. 

Obs. — In  Latin,  the  absolute  noun  and  its  participle 
are  put  in  the  ablative  case. 


The  Question. 

There  are  two  kinds  of  question — Direct 
and  Indirect,   (See  p.  6i.) 

The  Direct  question  is  a  whole  sentence 
ending  with  a  question-mark  ;  as.  Who  did 
it?  What  have  I  said  ?  How,  when,  where, 
why  was  he  chosen  ? 

The  Indirect  question  is  2^  part  6f  a  sen- 
tence ;  i.e.,  it  is  used  as  subject,  object,  at- 
tribute, or  apposition  in  the  sentence  of 
which  it  forms    a  part ;   as.  Who  did  it  is 


58  The  Sentence  and  its  Kinds, 

doubtful.     I  know  wJio  did  it.     The  question 

is  wJio   did  it.     It    is  doubtful  how^  wheUy 

where y  why  he  did  it,    (See  p.  61.) 

N.B. — No  question-mark   goes    with   the    Indirect 
question. 

Participle  Phrases. 

1.  Growing  old,  he  resigned  his  ofifice. 

2.  Seeing  the  city,  he  wept  over  it. 

3.  Once  chosen  Queen  of  May, 
She  reigned  a  single  day. 

4.  Born  free,  2ind  proved  a  warrior  brave, 
He  found  it  hard  to  be  a  slave. 

(See  p.  48,  Note  II.) 

Infinitive  Phrases. 

1.  To  give   him    half  would    make  him 
laugh. 

2.  When  I  proposed  to  give  him  half, 
It  made  the  little  fellow  laugh. 

3.  My  purpose  is  to  give  him  half 
When  it  is  time  to  make  him  laugh, 

4.  'Twould  make  him  laugh  to  give  him  half 

5.  I  should  be  glad  to  give  him  half 
If  I  were  able  to  make  him  laugh, 

6.  To  make  him  laugh,  I  gave  him  half. 

7.  To  make  him  laugJi  being  my  delight, 
I  tickled  him  by  day  and  night. 

(See  p.  48,  Note  II.) 


Complex  SenUnces.  59 

Complex  Sentences. 
I. 

1.  When  most  I  wink,  then  do  my  eyes 
best  see. 

2.  Few  shall  part  where  many  meet. 

3.  The  tender  grace  of  a  day  that  is  dead 
will  never  come  back  to  me. 

4.  What  I  have  written  I  have  written. 

5.  Rich  gifts  wax  poor  when  givers  prove 
unkind. 

6.  Truth  more  than  dreams  is  dear. 

7.  She  loves  me  best,  whene'er  I  sing  the 
songs  that  make  her  grieve. 

8.  We  were  the  first  that  ever  burst  into 
that  silent  sea. 

9.  Fools  rush  in  where  angels  fear  to 
tread. 

10.  He  who  would  seek  for  pearls  must 
dive  below. 

II. 

1.  I  that  speak  unto  thee  am  he. 

2.  They  shall  pursue  thee  until  thou 
perish. 

3.  Three  women  sat  up  in  the  lighthouse 
tower,  and  trimmed  the  lamps  as  the  sun 
went  down. 


6o  The  Sentence  and  its  Kinds. 

4.  That  life  is  long  which  answers  life's 
great  end. 

5.  He  had  a  fever  when  he  was  in  Spain. 

6.  Even  a  fool,  when  he  holdeth  his  peace, 
is  accounted  wise. 

7.  The  mariner,  whose  eye  is  bright,  whose 
beard  with  age  is  hoar,  is  gone. 

8.  The  music  in  my  heart  I  bore 
Long  after  it  was  heard  no  more. 

9.  This  life  which  seems  so  fair, 

Is  like  a  bubble  blown  up  in  the  air. 

10.  The  love  where  death  has  set  his  seal, 
No  age  can  chill,  no  rival  steal. 

III. 

Antecedent  or  Relative 

Understood. 
(Note  II.,  p.  53.) 

1.  Whom  the  Lord  loveth  He  chasteneth. 

2.  Who  enters  here  leaves  hope  behind. 

3.  Do  all  men  kill  the  things  they  do  not 
love  ? 

4.  Hates  any  man  the  thing  he  would  not 
kill? 

5.  Whoso  sheddeth  man's  blood,  by  man 
shall  his  blood  be  shed. 

6.  You  have  done  that  you  should  be  sorry 
for. 


Indirect  Questions,  6i 

7.  Lives  there  who  loves  his  pain  ? 

8.  There  are  who  ask  not  if  thine   eye  be 
on  them. 

9.  Take  the  goods  the  gods  provide  thee. 

10.  Beauty  is  truth,  truth  beauty, — that  is 

all 
Ye  know  on  earth,  and  all  ye  need  to  know. 

IV. 
Indirect  Questions. 

(See  p.  57-) 

1.  Tell  me  where  is  Fancy  bred. 

2.  She  knows  not  what  the  curse  may  be. 

3.  I  will  not  stop  to  tell  how  far  she  fled. 
Nor  will  I  mention  by  what  death  she 

died. 

4.  I  cannot  tell  what  flowers  are  at  my 
feet. 

5.  And  whether  we  shall   meet  again,  I 
know  not. 

6.  What  judgment  shall  I  dread,  doing  no 
wrong. 

7.  How  he  can,  is  doubtful ;  that  he  never 
will  is  sure. 

8.  What  private  griefs  they  have,  alas  I 
know  not,  that  made  them  do  it. 

9.  And  the  chief  captain  demanded  who 
he  was  and  what  he  had  done. 


62  The  Sentence  and  its  Kinds. 

lo.  A    remnant    shall   know  whose  work 
shall  stand. 

Absolutes. 

1.  The  wind  did  blow,  the  cloak  did  fly, 

Like  streamers  long  and  gay, 
Till  loop  and  button  failing  both, 
At  last  it  flew  away. 

2.  That  region  left,  the  vale  unfolds  rich 
groves  of  lofty  stature. 

3.  The  purest  treasure  mortal  times  afford 
Is  spotless  reputation  ;  that  away, 
Men  are  but  gilded  loam,  or  painted 

clay. 

4.  Weep  no  more,  woeful  shepherd,  weep 

no  more. 
For  Lycidas,  your  sorrow,  is  not  dead. 

5.  That  policy  may  either  last  so  long. 
Or  breed  itself  so  out  of   circumstance. 
That,   I   being  absent,   and   my  place 

supplied. 
The  general    will  forget   my  love  and 
service. 

6.  The  service  past,  around  the  pious  man 
With  ready  zeal  each  honest  rustic  ran. 

7.  Thee,  chantress,  oft,  the  woods  among 
I  woo  to  hear  my  even-song. 


Sign  of  Infinitive  Understood,  63 

8.  Beneath  her  father's  roof,  alone 

She  seemed  to  Hve — her  thoughts  her 
own, 
Herself  her  own  delight. 

9.  If  you  do  sweat  to  put  a  tyrant  down, 
You   sleep   in   peace,  the  tyrant   being 

dead. 

10.  Time   hath    but   half   succeeded   in   his 
theft. 
Thyself  removed,  thy  power  to   soothe 
me  left. 

The  Sign  of  the  Infinitive  (to)  understood. 

(Note  II.,  p.  53;  Note  III.,  p.  54.) 

1.  ^^'^them  wash  their  faces. 

2.  I  dare  not  call  them  fools. 

3.  He  y>^/.y  himself  distracted. 

4.  I  heard  a  voice  cry,  "Sleep  no  more !  " 

5.  Let  the  dead  bury  their  dead. 

6.  rU  make  thee  curse  the  deed. 

7.  He  need  not  fear  the  sword. 

8.  I  will  see  you  hanged. 

9.  My  father  named  me  Autolycus. 
10.  We  hold  our  time  too  precious. 


64  The  Sentence  and  its  Kinds, 

SENTENCES  TO  BE  CORRECTED. 

I. 

1.  We  thought  it  was  thee. 

2.  I  should  act  the  same  part,  if  I  washer. 

3.  It  could  not  have  been  them. 

4.  Is  it  me  that  you  was  angry  with  ? 

5.  They  believe  him  to  be  I. 

6.  It  was  thought  to  be  him. 

7.  If    it   had    been    her   she   would   have 
spoke. 

8.  We  know  it  to  be  they. 

9.  Whom  do  you  think  it  is  ? 

10.  Who  do  you  suppose  him  to  be  ? 

II. 

1.  We  did  not  know  whom  you  were. 

2.  Art  thou  him  who  they  seek  ? 

3.  Who  did  he  take  you  for  ? 

4.  Him  who  you  wrote  to  is  dead. 

5.  Whom  say  ye  that  I  am? 

6.  It  is  me  that  they  are  looking  at. 

7.  If  I  had  knew  it  to  be  she,  I  should  have 
bowed. 

8.  Was  it  us  or  them  that  was  suspected  ? 

9.  We  who  you  blame,  the  court  has  ac- 
quitted. 

10.  He  who  many  love,  many  will  envy. 


PART    VI.— RULES    FOR    PARSING, 

AND  REMARKS   UPON   THE 

CASES. 

Rules  for  Parsing. 

(Inside  the  Bone.) 

I.  The  subject  of  a  finite  verb  is  put  in 
the  nominative  case. 

II.  The  finite  verb  agrees  with  its  subject 
in  person  and  number. 

III.  Transitive  verbs  and  their  transitive 
participles  always  govern  the  objective  case, 
and  no  other  verb  ever  does, 

IV.  Non-transitive  verbs,  and  all  their 
participles,  take  the  same  case  after  them  as 
before  them. 

V.  The  subject  of  the  infinitive  is  put  in 
the  objective  (accusative)  case. 

(Outside  the  Bone.) 

VI.  The  possessive  is  governed  by  the 
name  of  the  thing  possessed  ;  as,  JoJins  hat, 
my  glove. 

65 


66 


Rules  for  Parsing. 


VII.  Prepositions  govern  the  objective 
case  ;  as,  For  me,  by  thee,  witJi  him. 

VIII.  Apposition.  Nouns  or  pronouns 
are  put  by  apposition  in  the  same  case  as  the 
noun  or  pronoun  they  explain  ;  as,  /  Paul 
myself.  The  Emperor  Alexander.  Peter 
the  Hermit.     ("  N.  B.,"  p.  45.) 

IX.  Absolute.  Words  whose  case  de- 
pends upon  no  other  words  are  said  to  be 
absolute,  or  independent  ;  as,  ''  Sir "  or 
"  Madam  ;  "  '*  O  me,"  etc. 

Remarks  upon  the  Cases. 

The  nominative  case — which  can  never 
be  goverfied — may  be  used  in  four  ways  : 
inside  of  the  bone,  as  subject  and  attribute ; 
outside  of  the  bone,  as  apposition  and  abso- 
lute;  as, 

"  O  father,  Jacob  dead  and  gone, 
I,  Joseph,  am  your  only  son  !  " 

Subj.  Att. 

I  — am-}- son 

\  App. 

Joseph 


Abs. 

O  father 


Abs. 

I 

ace 

)  b 

/ 

\ 

dead 

and 

gone 

The  possessive  case — which  is  never  in- 
side of  the  bone — may  be  used  in  tivo  ways 

*  Observe  the  sign  of  apposition,   |. 


Remarks  upon  the  Cases.  67 

only  :  either  as  governed  by  the  noun  which 
it  modifies,  or  else  as  apposition  ;  as,  Brother 
Joseph's  coat. 

coat 

I 

Joseph's 

I 

brother 

The  objective  case — which  is  sometimes 
governed  and  sometimes  ;/^/— may  be  used 
in  six  ways.  In  the  same  four  ways  as  the 
nominative — subject  and  attribute,  inside  of 
the  bone  ;  and  apposition  and  absolute^  outside; 
as, 

*'  O  me  !   I  fancied  him 
To  be  my  brother  Jim." 


Subj.  Att. 

him— to  be-j-brother 
I — fancied  \  \ 


Abs. 

O  me! 

4.  App. 

Jim 

In  only  two  ways  may  the  objective  case 
be  governed :  by  a  transitive  verb,  or  by  a 
preposition;    as,     "I    sent    him    to    school." 

o 

I — sent  +  him 
to  school. 


68  Negatives — Participles, 

Hence  in  tivelve  ways  may  the  cases  be 
used  :  the  nominative,  four  ways ;  the  pos- 
sessive, two  ways ;  the  objective,  six  ways. 

Special  Remarks   on  the   Negative,  the 
Participle,    the     Relative,    Joint    Refer- 
ence, and   Comparison. 

Negatives. — Avoid  double  negatives  ;  as, 
"  He  did  not  do  it,  I  don't  think  " ;  "I  did 
not  tell  nobody."    Omit  the  second  negative. 

The  participle. — I.  Participles,  when  not 
governed  by  prepositions,  are  always  in  con- 
struction adjectives,  and  should,  therefore, 
clearly  refer  to  their  nouns.  When  the 
reference  is  not  clear,  the  fault  may  be  cor- 
rected by  substituting  a  common  noun,  a 
phrase,  or  a  member,  ''  Being  conscious  of 
guilt,  death  becomes  terrible."  This  may  be 
corrected  in  all  three  ways  :  as,  the  conscious- 
ness of  guilt,  or  with  the  consciousness,  or 
when  we  are  conscious,  **  Opening  the  window, 
the  bird  flew  in."  Here  any  of  the  follow- 
ing substitutions  may  be  made  :  **  When  we 
opened  the  window,"  or  "  We  opening  the 
window,"  or  *'  The  window  being  opened." 

n.  The  participle  when  governed  by  a 
preposition,  forms  a  phrase  that  is  generally  an 
adverb  in  use. 


Relatives — Joint  Reference — Comparison.     6g 

III.  When  the  participle  is  the  leading 
word  in  sense^  it  should  be  so  in  construction  ; 
as,  *'  I  admire  the  boy  skating,''  i.e.,  the  skat- 
ing boy.  I  admire  the  boys  skating,  i.e.,  the 
skating  of  the  boy. 

The  relative. — The  relative  should  stand 
as  near  as  possible  to  its  antecedent.  "  A  man 
will  never  slander  a  neighbor  zvJio  is  chari- 
table." Here  the  relative  should  follov/  its 
antecedent,  ''man.'' 

Joint  reference. — When  two  words  or 
phrases  x^i^x  jointly  to  a  third,  they  should 
conform  to  it  in  sense  and  construction ;  as, 
''  I  never  have,  and  never  shall  forget  him." 
Here,  after  **  have,"  the  sense  requires  '' for- 
gotten."  ''  He  was  more  anxious  to  have 
knowledge  than  about  showing  it."  Here 
the  two  phrases  should  be  conformed;  or 
made  alike ;  as,  ''  To  have  knowledge  than 
to  show  it,"  or,  "  about  having  knowledge 
than  about  showing  it." 

Comparison. — Care  should  be  taken  to 
complete  the  first  term ;  as,  "  He  is  as  old, 
and  much  taller  than  I  am."  Here,  after 
"old,"  the  sense  requires  ''as'' 

"  He  is  taller,  but  not  so  old  as  I  am." 
Here,  after  "  taller,^'  the  sense  requires 
"  than." 


7o  Parsing  Exercises. 

Note. — Never  use  '^  when''  in  place  of  ''than'^\  as, 
*•  He  no  sooner  did  it  when  he  saw  his  mistake." 

An  Anomaly. 

An  anomaly  is  something  that  no  rule  will 
account  for.  Such  is  the  seeming  object  of  a 
;^^«-transitive  verb.  **  He  was  told  this " 
**  He  was  asked  his  opinion."  ''  He  was  taught 
the  truth."  If  told,  asked,  taught  equal  in- 
formed, qiiestio7ied,  instructed,  the  seeming 
object  then  needs  a  governing  preposition, 
and  so  forms  a  group  adverb. 

Compound,  Complex,  and   Long  Simple 
Sentences. 

I. 

1.  If  there  be  anything  that  makes  human 
nature  appear  ridiculous  to  beings  of  superior 
faculties,  it  must  be  pride. 

2.  Might  I  give  counsel  to  any  young 
hearer,  I  would  say  to  him,  try  to  frequent 
the  company  of  your  betters. 

3.  In  all  battles,  if  you  watch  the  issue, 
each  fighter  has  prospered  according  to  his 
right. 

4.  They  that  stand  high  have  many  blasts 
to  shake  them,  and  if  they  fall,  they  dash 
themselves  to  pieces. 

5.  Where  is  the  child  that  would  forget 
the  most  tender  of  parents,  though  to  re- 
member be  but- to  lament? 


Compound  and  Complex  Sentences,  7 1 

6.  Get   on   your  nightgown,  lest  occasion 
call  us,  and  show  us  to  be  watchers. 

7.  Lying  robed  in  snowy  white, 
That  loosely  flew  to  left  and  right, 
The  leaves  upon  her  falling  light, 
Through  the  noises  of  the  night, 
She  floated  down  to  Camelot. 

8.  'Twas  right,  said  they,  such  birds  to 

slay, 
That  bring  the  fog  and  mist. 

9.  Let  your  courage  be  keen,  but  at  the 

same     time    as     polished    as    your 
sword. 
10.  So  much  a  long  communion   tends  to 
make  us  what  we  are. 

II. 
I.         Sound  of  vernal  showers, 
On  the  twinkling  grass, 
Rain  awakened  flowers, 
All  that  ever  was 
Joyous  and  clear  and  fresh,  thy 
music  doth  surpass. 
2.  I  died  a  Queen.    The  Roman  soldier  found 
Me  lying  dead,  my  crown  about  my  brows, 
A     name    for    ever ! — lying     robed     and 
crowned. 
Worthy  a  Roman  spouse. 


72  Parsing  Exercises. 

3.  One  touch  of  nature  makes  the  whole 

world  kin. 

4.  It  was  at  length  the  same  to  me, 
Fettered  or  fetterless  to  be. 

5.  For  saddle-tree  scarce  reached  had  he, 

His  journey  to  begin, 
When,  turning  round  his  head,  he  saw 
Three  customers  come  in. 

6.  She  sought  her  lord,  and  found  him 

where  he  strode 
About  the  hall,  among  his  dogs,  alone, 
His  beard  a  foot  before  him,  and  his 

hair 
A  yard  behind. 

7.  And  whether  we  shall  meet  again,  I 

know  not ; 
Therefore    our   everlasting    farewell 
take. 

8.  On  Linden,  when  the  sun  was  low, 
All  bloodless  lay  the  untrodden  snow. 

9.  So  may  he  rest ;  his  faults  lie  gently 

on  him. 

10.    Men  are  we,  and   must  grieve  when 
even  the  shade 
Of   that   which    once  was   great  has 
pass'd  away. 


Cornpomid  and  Complex  Sentences.  73 

III. 

1.  Burled  and  cold,  when  my  heart  stills 

her  motion, 
Green  be'  thy  fields,  sweetest  isle   of 
the  ocean. 

2.  The  old  order  changeth,  yielding  place 

to  new. 
And  God  fulfils  Himself  in  many  ways. 

3.  -  Thou  hadst  a  voice  whose  sound  was 

like  the  sea. 

4.  They  also  serve  who   only  stand  and 

wait. 

5.  God,  when  He  gave  me  strength,  to 

show  withal 
How  slight  the  gift  was,  hung  it  in  my 
hair. 

6.  Now  who  be  ye,  would  cross  Lochgyle ? 

7.  While    stands    the    Coliseum,    Rome 

shall  stand. 

8.  The  clouds  that  gather  round  the  set- 

ting sun. 
Do  take  a  sober  coloring  from  the  eye 
That  hath  kept  watch  o'er  man's  mor- 
tality. 


74  Parsing  Exercises, 

9.       She  saw  her  brother  Peterkin 
Roll  something  large  and  round, 

Which  he,  beside  the  rivulet, 
In  playing  there,  had  found  ; 
He  came  to  ask  what  he  had  found 
That  was  so   large  and  smooth  and 
round. 

10.    Such  a  one  do  I  remember,  whom  to 
look  at  was  to  love. 

IV. 

1.  Round  many  western   islands  have  I 

been, 
Which  bards  in  fealty  to  Apollo  hold. 

2.  Where  Claribel  low  lieth, 
The  breezes  pause  and  die, 
Letting  the  rose-leaves  fall. 

3.  That  moment  that  his  face  I  see, 

I  know  the  man  that  must  hear  me. 

4.  Heard  melodies  are  sweet,  but  those 

unheard  are  sweeter. 

5.  So   sang  the   novice,  while   full   pas- 

sionately. 
Her  head  upon  her  hand,  remembering 
Her  fate  when   first  she   came,  wept 

the  sad  queen. 


Compound  and  Complex  Sentences,  7  e; 

6.  And  all  my  knowledge  is  that  joy  is 

gone. 

7.  He  prayeth  best,  who  loveth  best 

All  things  both  great  and  sniall ; 
For  the  dear  God  who  loveth  us, 
He  made  and  loveth  all. 

8.  Here  to  the  houseless  child  of  want 

My  door  is  open  still  ; 
And  though  my  portion  is  but  scant, 
I  give  it  with  good  will. 

9.  There  is  a  tide  in  the  affairs  of  men. 
Which,  taken  at  the  flood,  leads  on  to 

fortune  ; 
Omitted,  all  the  voyage  of  their  life 
Is  bound  in  shallows  and  in  miseries, 

10.    Whom  I  most  hated,  living,  thou  hast 
made  me  now  in  his  ashes  honor. 


V. 

Sometimes,    whoever    looks    abroad 

may  find 
Thee   sitting   careless   on    a   granary 

floor. 
Thy  hair  soft-lifted  by  the  winnowing 

wind. 


76  Parsing  Exercises, 

2.  No  flocks  that  range  the  valley  free, 

To  slaughter  I  condemn  ; 
Taught  by  that  Power  that  pities  me, 
I  learn  to  pity  them. 

3.  In  Islington  there  lived  a  man 

Of  whom  the  world  might  say. 
That  still  a  godly  race  he  ran 
Whene'er  he  went  to  pray. 

4.  The  dog  and  man  at  first  were  friends, 

But  when  a  pique  began, 
The  dog,  to  gain  some  private  ends, 
Went  mad  and  bit  the  man. 

5.  "  Ease  and  pleasure,"  said  Lord  Bur- 
leigh, **  quake  to  hear  of  death  ;  but  my  life, 
full  of  cares  and  miseries,  desircth  to  be  dis- 
solved." 

6.  It  was  to  this  part  of  the  cap  that  the 
bells  were  attached. 

J.  I  have  seen  him  buy  such  bargains  as 
would  amaze  one. 

8.  There  often  wanders  one  whom  better 
days  saw  better  clad. 

9.  He  was  carried  to  the  nearest  house  ; 
and  no  one  preventing  me  now,  I  remained 
near  him,  busy,  while  every  means  of  restora- 
tion were  tried. 


Compound  and  Complex  Sentences,  7  7 

10.  What  I  do  thou  knowest  not  now,  but 
thou  shalt  know  hereafter. 

VI. 

1.  O  God  ! — Horatio,  what  a  wounded 
name,  things  standing  thus  unknown,  shall 
live  behind  me  ! 

2.  If  thou  didst  ever  hold  me  in  thy  heart, 
absent  thee  from  felicity  awhile,  and  in  this 
harsh  world  draw  thy  breath  in  pain  to  tell 
my  story. 

3.  Had  I  but  died  an  hour  before  this 
chance,  I  had  lived  a  blessed  time. 

4.  My  story  being  done,  she  gave  me  for 
my  pains  a  world  of  sighs. 

5.  I  dare  do  all  that  may  become  a  man ; 
Who  dares  do  more,  is  none. 

6.  It  was  a  great  ignorance,  Gloster's  eyes 

being  out,  to  let  him  live. 

7.  'Tis  not  what  man  does'  which  exalts 
him,  but  what  man  would  do. 

8.  Their  moans  the  vales  redoubled  to  the 
hills,  and  they  to  heaven. 

9.  The  fool  doth  think  he  is  wise,  but  the 
wise  man  knows  himself  to  be  a  fool. 


78  Parsing  Exercises, 

lO.    But  me  not  destined  such  delights  to 

share, 
My  prime  of  life  in  wandering  spent 

and  care, 
Impelled    with     steps    unceasing    to 

pursue 
Some    fleeting  good   that  mocks  me 

with  the  view. 
My  fortune  leads  to  traverse  realms 

alone, 
And  find  no  spot  in  all  the  world  my 

own. 

VII. 

1.  To  sum  up  all,  the  lid,  resisting  Mrs. 
Peerybingle's  fingers,  first  of  all  turned 
topsy-turvy,  and  then,  with  an  ingenious 
pertinacity  deserving  of  a  better  cause,  dived 
in — down  to  the  very  bottom  of  the  kettle. 

2.  These  injuries  having  been  comforted 
externally,  and  Mr.  Pecksniff  having  been 
comforted  internally,  they  sat  down. 

3.  Romeo,  there  dead,  was  husband  to 
that  Juliet ;  and  she,  there  dead,  that  Romeo's 
faithful  wife. 

4.  To  .do  a  great  right,  do  a  little  wrong 
and  curb  this  cruel  devil  of  his  will. 


Compound  and  Complex  Sentences.  79 

5.  They  stood  aloof,  the  scars  remaining, 
Like  cliffs  which  had  been  rent  asunder. 

6.  There  is  not  wind  enough  to  twirl 
The  one  red  leaf,  the  last  of  its  clan, 
That  dances  as  often  as  dance  it  can, 
Hanging  so  light,  and  hanging  so  high. 
On  the  topmost  twig  that  looks  up  at 

the  sky. 

7.  What's  done  cannot  be  undone. 

8.  Demand  me  nothing :  what  you  know, 
you  know. 

9.  I  love  to  think  of  a  well-nurtured  boy, 
brave  and  gentle,  warm-hearted  and  loving, 
and  looking  the  world  in  the  face  with  kind, 
honest  eyes. 

10.  Year  after  year,  unto  her  feet, 
She  lying  in  her  couch  alone. 
Across  the  purple  coverlet 

The  maiden's  jet-black  hair  has  grown. 

VIII. 

1.  If  fortune  favors  me,  I  laud  her; 
If  she  frowns,  I  resign  her. 

2.  There  is  no  vice  so  simple  but  as- 
sumes some  mark  of  virtue. 

3.  Accursed  be  the  tongue  that  tells  me  so ! 


So  Parsing  Exercises, 

4.  What  in  me  is  dark,  illumine  ; 
What  is  low,  raise  and  support. 

5.  To  me  the  meanest  flower  that  blows 
can  give  thoughts  that  do  often  lie  too  deep 
for  tears. 

6.  More  needs  she  the  divine  than  the 
physician. 

7.  We  look  before  and  after 
And  pine  for  what  is  not ; 
Our  sincerest  laughter 
With  some  pain  is  fraught, 

Our  sweetest  songs  are  those  that  tell  of 
saddest  thought. 

8.  Duncan  is  in  his  grave  ; 

After  life's  fitful  fever  he  sleeps  well. 

9.  Thus  done  the  tales,  to  bed  they  creep. 
By  whispering  winds  soon  lulled  to  sleep. 

10.  Then  gave  I  her,  so  tutored  by  my  art, 
a  sleeping  potion. 

IX. 

1.  The  love  where  death  has  set  his  seal. 
Nor  age  can  chill,  nor  rival  steal. 

2.  In  me  thou  seest  the  twilight  of  such 

day 
As  after  sunset  fadeth  in  the  west. 


Compound  a?id  Complex  Sentences.  8 1 

3.  What    ardently    I    wished    I    long    be- 

lieved, 
And,    disappointed   still,  was   still   de- 
ceived. 

4.  He  instantly  recalled  the  name, 

And  who  he  was,  and  whence  he  came. 

5.  The  art  of  our  necessities  is  strange 
That  can  make  vile  things  precious. 

6.  Live  we  as  we  can,  yet  die  we  must. 

7.  I  that  am  cruel  yet  am  merciful ; 

I  would    not   have  thee  linger  in  thy 
pain. 

8.  So    frowned    the    mighty    combatants 

that  hell  grew  darker  at  their  frown. 

9.  Who  would  be  free,  himself  must  strike 

the  blow. 

10.  I    do  entreat   you   that    we   sup   to- 

gether. 


1.  Thy  wealth  being  forfeit  to  the  state, 
thou  hast  not  left  the  value  of  a  cord. 

2.  It  is  my  faith  that  every  flower 
Enjoys  the  air  it  breathes. 


82  Parsing  Exercises, 

3.  It  is  the  little  rift  within  the  lute 
That  by  and  by  will  make  the  music 

mute, 
And,  ever  widening,  slowly  silence  all. 

4.  The  hermit  good  lives  in  the  wood 
That  slopes  down  to  the  sea; 

He  loves  to  talk  with  marineers 
That  come  from  a  far  countrie. 

5.  Then  those  two  brothers  slowly  with 

bent  brows 
Accompanying,  the  sad  chariot-bier 
Past  like  a  shadow  thro'  the  field,  that 

shone 
Full  summer,  to  that  stream  whereon 

the  barge, 
Paird  all  its  length  in  blackest  samite, 

lay. 

6.  Thee  shepherd,  thee,  the   woods   and 

desert-caves. 
With  wild  thyme  and  the  gadding  vine 

overgrown, 
And  all  their  echoes,  mourn. 

7.  This  is  my  son,  mine  own  Telemachus, 
To  whom   I   leave  the  sceptre  and  the 

isle. 


Compound  and  Complex  Sentences.  83 

8.  I  walked   abroad,  admired  of  all  and 

dreaded, 
On   hostile   ground,    none   daring    my 
affront. 

9.  Our  birth  is  but  a  sleep  and  forgetting; 

The  soul  that  rises  with  us,  our  life's 

star, 
Hath  had  elsewhere  its  setting, 

And  Cometh  from  afar  ; 
Not  in  entire  forgetfulness, 
And  not  in  utter  nakedness ; 
But,    trailing   clouds    of   glory,   do   we 

come 
From  God,  who  is  our  home. 

10.  In  the  stormy  east-wind  straining, 
The  pale  yellow  woods  were  waning, 
The  broad  stream  in  his  banks  com- 
plaining. 

Heavily  the  low  sky  raining 
Over  tower'd  Camelot ; 
Down  she  came  and  found  a  boat 
Beneath  a  willow  left  afloat. 

XI. 

I.  Who  are  these  coming  to  the  sacrifice? 
To    what    green    altar,    O    mysterious 
priest, 


84  Parsing  Exercises, 

Lead'st  thou  that  heifer  lowing  at  the 

skies, 
And  all  her  silken  flanks  with  garlands 

drest  ? 

2.  That     which    he    better    might    have 

shunned,  if  griefs 
Like  his  have  worse  or  better,  Enoch 
saw. 

3.  All  days  are  nights  to  me  till  thee  I  see, 
All  nights  bright  days  when  dreams  do 

show  me  thee. 

4.  Lamp  of  Earth,  where'er  thou  movest, 
Its  dim  shapes  are  clad  with  brightness. 
And  the  souls  of  whom  thou  lovest, 
Walk  upon  the  winds  with  lightness. 

5.  Come,  but  keep  thy  wonted  state 
With  even  step  and  musing  gait, 
And  looks  commercing  with  the  skies. 
Thy  rapt  soul  sitting  in  thine  eyes. 

6.  To  Mary  Queen  the  praise  be  given ! 
She  sent  the  gentle  sleep  from  heaven, 

that  slid  into  my  soul. 

7.  That  which  hath  made  them  drunk  hath 

made  me  bold  ; 
What  hath  quench'd  them  hath  given 
me  fire. 


Compound  and  Complex  Sentences.  85 

8.  The  music,  yearning  like  a  god  in  pain, 
She  scarcely  heard ;  her  heart  was  other- 
where ; 

She    sighed    for   Agnes'    dreams,    the 
sweetest  of  the  year. 

9.  This  flute,  made  of  a  hemlock  stalk, 
At  evening  in  his  homeward  walk, 
The  Quantock  woodman  hears. 

10.  I  the  Nightingale  all  spring  through, 
O  Swallow,  sister,  O  changing  Swal- 
low, 

All  spring  through  till   the  spring  be 

done, 
Clothed  with  the  light  of  the  night  on 

the  dew. 
Sing,  while  the  hours  and  thewild  birds 

follow. 
Take  flight  and  follow  and  find  the  sun. 

XII. 

1.  O  it  is  an  excellent  thing  to  have   a 

giant's  strength. 
But  it  is  tyrannous  to  use  it  like  a  giant. 

2.  What  boots  it  at  one  gate  to  make  de- 

fence. 
And  at  another  to  let  in  the  foe  ? 


86  Parsing  Exercises, 

3.  Far  off  from  these,  a  slow  and  silent 

stream, 
Lethe,  the  river  of  oblivion,  rolls 
Her    watery    labyrinth,    whereof    who 

drinks, 
Forthwith  his   former  state  and  being 

forgets, 
Forgets  both   joy  and   grief,   pleasure 

and  pain. 

4.  Most  noble  lord,  Sir  Launcelot  of  the 

Lake, 
I,  sometime  called  the  maid  of  Astolat, 
Come,  for  you  left  me  taking  no  fare- 
well, 
Hither,  to  take  my  last  farewell  of  you. 

5.  My  little  son,  who  looked  from  thought- 

ful eyes, 
And  moved  and  spoke  in  quiet  grown- 
up wise. 
Having  my  law  the  seventh  time  dis- 
obeyed, 
I  struck  him,  and  dismissed 
With  hard  words  and  unkissed, 
His   mother,    who   was   patient,  being 
dead. 

6.  With  sloping  mast  and  dipping  prow, 
As  who  pursued  with  yell  and  blow, 


Compound  and  Complex  Sentences.  87 

Still  treads  the  shadow  of  his  foe, 

And  forward  bends  his  head, 

The   ship    drove  fast,  loud  roar'd  the 

blast 
And  southward  aye  we  fled. 

7.  Richard  except,  those  whom  we  figlit 

against, 
Would  rather  have  us  win  than    him 
they  follow. 

8.  So  saying,  from  her  side  the  fatal  key, 
Sad  instrument  of  all  our  woe,  she  took. 

9.  And,  as  a  hare  whom  hounds  and  horns 

pursue. 
Pants  to  the  place  from  whence  at  first 

he  flew, 
I    still   had   hope,    my  long   vexations 

past, 
Here  to  return — and   die  at  home   at 

last. 

10.  Here   now  in  his  triumph   where  all 

things  falter, 
Stretched   out  on  the  spoils  that  his 

own  hand  spread. 
Like  a  god  self  slain  on  his  own  strange 

altar. 
Death  lies  dead. 


88  Parsing  Exercises, 

Example  of  a  Long  Sentence. 

Mount  some  bold  eminence,  and  look 
back,  when  the  sun  is  high  and  full  upon  the 
earth,  when  mountains,  cliffs,  and  sea  rise  up 
before  you  like  a  brilliant  pageant,  with  out- 
lines noble  and  graceful,  and  tints  and  shad- 
ows soft,  clear,  and  harmonious,  giving 
depth,  and  unity  to  the  whole ;  and  then  go 
through  the  forest,  or  fruitful  field,  or  along 
meadow  and  stream,  and  listen  to  the  distant 
country  sounds,  and  drink  in  the  fragrant  air 
which  is  poured  around  you  in  spring  or 
summer  ;  or  go  among  the  gardens,  and  de- 
light your  senses  with  the  grace  and  splendor, 
and  the  various  sweetness  of  the  flowers  you 
find  there,  then  think  of  the  almost  mysteri- 
ous influence  upon  the  mind  of  particular 
scents,  or  the  emotion  which  some  gentle 
peaceful  strain  excites  in  us,  or  how  soul  and 
body  are  rapt  and  carried  away  captive  by 
the  concord  of  musical  sounds,  when  the  ear 
is  open  to  their  power ;  and  then,  when  you 
have  ranged  through  sights,  and  sounds,  and 
odours,  and  your  heart  kindles,  and  your 
voice  is  full  of  praise  and  worship,  reflect — 
not  that  they  tell  you  nothing  of  their 
Maker — but  that  they  are  the  poorest  and 


Example  of  a  Long  Sentence*  8g 

dimmest  glimmerings  of  His  glory,  and  the 
very  refuse  of  His  exubeirant  riches,  and  but 
the  dusky  smoke  which  precedes  the  flame, 
compared  with  Him  who  made  them. 

— Newman, 


A  Punishment. 

I  stopped  an  hour  last  night. 
To  see  two  chickens  fight ; 

And,  coming  home,  I  got 
A  Hcking  on  the  spot. 


EXAMPLES  OF  BAD  ENGLISH. 

(See  the  following  three  plates  for    analysis  and  cor- 
rection.) 

1.  If  I  was  he  and  he  was  me, 
You  would  not  now  a  beggar  be. 

2.  Having  laid  two  weeks  in  bed, 
He  wanted  to  set  up,  he  said. 

3.  Who  she  married  I  never  knew  ; 
But  if  reports  that  come  are  true. 

What  he  commands,  she  will  not  do. 

4.  When  we  had  ran  a  half  a  mile, 
We  both  set  down  to  rest  awhile. 

5.  My  husband  having  went  to  sea. 
There  now  remains  my  babe  and  me. 

6.  It  was  her  luck  that  who  she  met. 
Was  him  on  who  her  heart  was  set. 

7.  Him  and  me  being  about  the  same  height, 
Is  often  mistook  by  the  neighbors  at  night. 

90 


o 

s 

Pi 
o 
u 

Q 
< 


Bad  English  Corrected. 


h 


Bad  English  Cojrected. 


a 

o  o 


Bad  Eng/ish  Corrected, 


93 


^ 

a> 

(U 

d 

o 

fcfl 

*-* 

be 

C 

-a 

r; 

c 

01 

oS 

X! 

XI 

3 

-C 

a 

SENTENCES  TO  BE  CORRECTED. 


1.  Whosoever  the  most  number  of  votes 
belong  to,  he  shall  be  chief. 

2.  It  is  kind  of  strange  to  see  so  little  ap- 
preciation for  truth  in  a  historian. 

3.  I  have  a  son  who  I  wish  to  educate^ 
and  am  real  pleased  with  finding  such  a  good 
teacher. 

4.  I  told  you  that  if  I  was  not  at  home,  to 
stay  till  I  come. 

5.  She  did  not  wish  the  boy  would  have  a 
knife,  lest  he  cut  himself  with  it. 

6.  If  I  was  to  teach  him,  I  should  insist 
upon  him  studying  as  much  and  even  more 
than  he  use  to  do. 

7.  It  is  not  us,  but  them,  that  deserves 
your  rebuke. 

8.  Them    that   was    foremost   in    making 

the  fuss. 
Is  as  old,  and  a  hundred  times  meaner, 
than  us. 

94 


Sentences  to  be  Corrected,  95 

9.  I  have  never  seen  the  man,  much  less 
enjoy  the  honor  of  his  acquaintance. 

10.  I  should  be  obliged  to  him  if  he  will 
gratify  me.  but  I  shall  neither  be  surprised 
nor  disheartened  if  he  refuses. 

II. 

1.  Cost  what  it  will,  I  determined  to  find 
out  who  he  was  like,  and  whom  he  could  be. 

2.  Whosoever  else  they  may  have,  to  dis- 
charge, may  it  never  be  me. 

3.  The  thought  of  her  son  having  stole  all 

she  had. 
Was  the  cause  of  tht*  poor  woman  hav- 
ing went  mad. 

4.  \Vhat  signifies  bc^nor  and  wealth  to  a 
man,  when  sickness  or  anxiety  prey  upon  his 
mind  until  he  is  vtry  near  drove  to  despair  ? 

5.  When  the   patient    had   laid   a   whole 

week  if^  bed. 
He  wanted  to  set  up  a  little,  he  said. 

6.  You  aivj  me  have  and  should  ever  be 
such  good  friends  that  I  would  not  offend 
you  for  nothing  on  earth. 

7.  He  m.ay  run  quicker,  but  he  can't  hold 
out  as  long  as  me. 

8.  The  account  spoke  of  him  using  quill 
pens  in  preference  for  steel  or  gold  ones. 


g6  Sentences  to  be  Corrected, 

9.  If  it  had  have  been  us  that  done  it,  he 
would  neither  have  spoke  for  nor  against  it. 

10,  He  was  sort  of  drunk,  which  made  him 
ridiculous  to  the  crowd  whom  he  addressed  ; 
so  without  him  knowing  it,  I  left. 

III. 

1.  No  quicker  is  the  cats  away 
When  every  mice  begin  to  play. 

2.  Shattered  by  fever,  his  friends  deserted 
him  ;  and  mighty  little  feeling  was  shown  by 
them,  when,  a  few  days  subsequent,  they 
heard  of  him  dying  with  utter  neglect. 

3.  If  I  had  have  had  a  little  more  sense,  I 
never  would  have  wrote  the  letter  ;  but  me 
and  him  being  such  good  friends,  I  did  not 
doubt  but  what  he  would  understand  me. 

4.  I  advised  Felix  sister  for  conscience 
sake  to  always  let  other  folks  business  alone. 

5.  He  said,  when  he  had  passed  away, 
To  let  him  with  his  children  lay. 

6.  I  should  not  have  chose  his  method,  had 
it  not  been  more  preferable  and  easier  than 
yours  ;  and  I  doubt  not  but  what  you  would 
do  the  same,  had  you  have  been  me. 

7.  The    man  who  they  sent  for  to  shave 

him, 
Declined  to  accept  what  was  gave  him. 


Sentences  to  be  Corrected,  97 

8.  What  was  the  good  of  me  getting  a 
piano,  if  I  could  not  play? 

9.  As  soon  as  he  set  down,  I  knew  it  was 
him  ;  though  I  was  some  doubtful  about  him 
recognizing  me,  as  he  use  to  be  near  sighted. 

10.  It  is  more  good  for  a  man  to  fall 
among  crows  than  flatterers  :  for  these  only 
devour  the  dead  ;  those,  the  living. 

IV. 

1.  When  they  asked  what  he  wanted,  the 

traveller  said 
To  let  him  lay  half  an  hour  longer  in 

bed; 
So. caring  for  nothing,  his  board  being 

paid. 
He  is  laying  this  morning  as  last  night 

he  laid. 

2.  "  Lay  still,"  his  mother  often  said. 

When  Washington  had  went  to  bed. 
But  little  Georgie  would  reply, 
""  I  set  up,  but  I  cannot  lie." 
3;  My  brother  and  me  having  went  to  the 
show, 
The   neighbors   all  wanted  their  chil- 
dren to  go; 
But    whether    they   done   what    they 
wished,  I  don't  knov/. 


98  Sentences  to  be  Corrected, 

4.  The  bridges  being  washed  away, 
Him  who  we  hoped  to  see  to-day, 
Has  telegraphed  a  message  home 
To  tell  us  why  he  cannot  come. 

5.  Had  it  been  me  that  he  took  to  be  she, 
I  should  have  been  mad  at  him  speak- 
ing to  me. 

6.  He  said,  that  if  nobody  hadn*t  a  gun, 
To   make  the  boy  go  to  the  city  for 

one. 

7.  No  sooner  was  the  couple  wed 
When  every  one  that  seen  them  said 
Altho'  the  husband  raves  and  rants 
'Tis  her  not  him  will  wear  the  pants. 

8.  Them  that  done  the  business  said 
To  tell  you  that  the  dogs  was  dead. 

9.  I  tried  to  learn  him  how  to  speak 
Correct  both  Latin,  French,  and  Greek. 

10.  Had    them    three    children    did   their 
best. 
They  would  have  far  outran  the  rest. 

V. 
I.  My  friend  is  as  old   and  more  abler 
than  me 
And  if  he  liv^s  longer  a  bishop  he'll  be, 


Sentences  to  be  Corrected.  99 

2.  My  brother  I   think  is  as  quick  and 

some  stronger 
Than  him  and  can  play  at  the  ordeal 
longer. 

3.  The  boy  who  you    seen  having  went 

to  the  game, 
There   remains   not   a   chance  of  me 
doing  the  same. 

4.  He  said  that  if  he  missed  the  fun 
To  tell  him  what  the  others  done. 

5.  He  writes  that  no  quicker  they  seen 

what  was  done 
When  hoping  to  save  themselves  home 
they  all  run. 

6.  This  morning  there  was  only  two 
And  ere  I  seen  them  one  had  flew. 

7.  What  day  he   would  come  and  how 

long  he  would  stay 
I  do  not  remember  of  hearing  him  say. 

8.  The  boy  being  always  considered  a  fool 
Was  what  made  the  fellows  most  kill 

him  at  school. 

9.  He  said  if  I  seen  you  before  it  was 

took 
To  tell  you  the  physic  had  ought  to  be 
shook, 


loo  Sentences  to  be  Corrected. 

10.  Such  as  is  little  and  such  as  is  large 
Has    and    must    always   be    teached 
without  charge. 


VI. 

1.  Tho'   the    culprit    seemed    real    con- 

sumpted  and  pale 
They  found  him   ten  dollars  and  kept 
him  in  jail. 

2.  Had  William  not  have  understood 

And  worked  so  diligent 
He  never  would  have  done  so  good 
Nor  been  so  well  content. 

3.  Sailing  up  the  river  the  villages  that  lay 
Along  the  banl^s  seemed  sailing  too 

but  down  the  other  way. 

4.  I  wish  that  you  saw  yesterday 

That  dark-complected  man 
Who  both  my  wife  and  me  believed 
To  be  a  African. 

5.  A  fellow  hadn't  ought  to  send 
Those  kind  of  letters  to  a  friend 
But  now  the  quarrel  once  began 
I  hope  he'll  prove  himself  a  man. 


Sentences  to  id' Corrected,  loi 

6.  He  was  mighty  near  dead, 

Tho'  he  set  the  night  through, 
Nor  laid  down  in  bed 

Till  the.  chickens  had  crew. 

7.  Had  I  not  Hft  him  from  the  door 
He  would  have  fell  six  foot  or  more. 

8.  If  she  refuses  you  and  I 

There's  others  that  will  come  to  try. 

9.  Most  everybody  thinks  us  two 
Is  equally  as  old  as  you. 

10.   Had  we  knew  who  'twas  meant  for 
Us  boys  would  have  went  for 
The  fellow  you  sent  for. 

VII. 

1.  If  I  had  laid  in  bed  as  long. 

Or  longer  than  my  brother  Jim, 
I  think  I  should  have  grew  as  strong. 
If  not  more  stronger  far  than  him. 

2.  My  v/ife  was  feeling  real  sick 
Which  made  her  temper  kind  of  quick 
And  mine  being  very  near  as  bad 

A  hell  of  it  at  home  we  had. 

3.  Being  thought  orators   in   their   own 

town 
Was  the  cause  of  them  coveting  wider 


i(^2  Sc/tUnc^s  to  be  Corrected* 

But  there  has  not  and  never  will  be  I 

don't  think 
Two    fellows  that  smelt  much    more 

stronger  of  drink. 

4.  He  said  if  you  was  taken  ill 
To  send  me  home  to  get  a  pill. 

5.  Them  that  seen  her  being  dead 
Few  remembers  who  she  wed. 

6.  There  being  no  chance  of  him  catch- 

ing the  train 
He   should    have  went   home   to    get 
sober  again. 

7.  Tho'  not  half    so    tall  he  is  stronger 

than  me 
Which  make  some  suppose  him  much 
older  to  be. 

8.  If  he  had  let  you  and  I  load  him  the 

gun 
It  would  not  have  kick  him  so  bad  as 
it  done. 

9.  What  the  doctor  had  wrote  being  pub- 

licly read 
There  was  many  reports  of  the  boy 
being  dead. 


Sentences  to  be  Corrected.  103 

10.  It  was  a  disappointment  my  brother 
having  went 
To  find  that  for  my  friend  and  I  no 
tickets  had  been  sent. 

VIII. 

1.  The  child  had  laid  so  long  in  bed, 

Expecting  to  get  stronger, 

That  ere  I  seen  him  he  had  grew 

Most  fifteen  inches  longer. 

2.  Them  you  supposed  to  be  we, 
Was  the  people  I  took  them  to  be. 

3.  One  of  them  two  have  rented  my  pew, 
And  two  of  the  others  has  rented  my 

brother's. 

4.  The  girl  who  he  wanted  to  wed  having 

died, 
He  made  her  next  sister  Matilda  his 
bride. 

5.  Us  boys,  the  teacher  having  went. 
Was  all  to  see  the  circus  sent ; 

And  that  one  lesson  learned  us  more 
Than  ever  we  were  teached  before. 

6.  I  did  not  see  him  since  the  day 

That  famous  race  was  ran ; 


I04  Sentences  to  be  Corrected. 

And  he  was  most  broke  down,  they 
say, 
Before  it  had  began. 

7.  If  one  of  we  fellows  had  offer  excuse 
He  would  have  went  for  him  and  gave 

him  the  deuce. 

8.  The  boy  was  equally  as  good 

As  many  of  the  rest, 

And  few  was  more  superior 

Among  the  very  best. 

9.  If  he  does  half  as  good  to-day 

As  yesterday  he  done, 
Them  fellows,  tho' their  best  they  play 
Will  hardly  make  a  run. 

10.  They  that  from  the  fight  had  flew, 
I  should,  had  I  been  him,  have  slew; 
But  them  that  fought  and  died  so  brave 
Had  ought  to  have  the  warriors'  grave. 


PART   VIL— RULES  FOR  PUNCTUA- 
TION.   . 

Punctuation-marks. 

The  principal  marks  of  punctuation  are 
the  period  (.),  the  colon  (:),  the  semicolon  (;), 
and  the  comma  (,).  The  last  three  are  used 
to  show  the  structure  of  the  sentence,  and  so 
help  the  reader  to  take  in  the  sense. 

Obs. — These  marks  are  all  used  to  show  some  dis- 
connection. 

The  Period. 

Rule  I. — The  end  of  each  declarative 
or  imperative  sentence  is  marked  by  a 
period  :  ''  God  is  love."  ^*  Love  thy  neighbor 
as  thyself."  ^*  Love  is  the  fulfilment  of  the 
law." 

Note. — After  an  interrogative  sentence,  the  mark 
?,and  after  an  exclamatory  sentence,  the  mark  !, 
take  the  place  of  a  period:  '*  Lovest  thou  me?" 
**How  sweet  the  moonlight  sleeps  upon  this  bank  !" 
(See  p.  57 — Questions?) 

105 


1 06  Rules  for  Punctuation, 

Rule  II. — Initials,  abbreviations,  signa- 
tures, addresses,  and  all  titles,  headings,  and 
marks  of  subdivision — whether  figures  or 
letters — are  followed  by  a  period  :  "  J.  H. 
Card.  Newman."  "  To  One  in  Paradise." 
"The  Ancient  Mariner."  "On  Charity." 
"The  MS.  of  Vo).  I.  was  written  A.D.  1825." 
"  Sec.  xviii.,  p.  8,  Rule  2,  Note  A." 

Note  I. — Signatures  and  addresses  are  sometimes 
without  punctuation. 

Note  II. — The  period  after  an  abbrevation  is  not  a 
sign  of  pause,  and  excludes  no  other  mark  that  the 
words  in  full  would  need. 

The   Colon. 

Rule. — A  brief  statement  followed,  with- 
out a  conjunction^  by  fuller  particulars,  is 
set  off  by  the  colon  :  "  Three  nations  ac- 
cepted the  treaty :  England,  France,  and 
Germany."  "  These  were  her  parting  words  : 
*  Stay  but  a  little,  I  will  come  again.'  " 

Note. — "  Namely,"  or  **  in  proof  of  this,"  or  some 
such  expression,  is  implied  by  the  colon  ;  which, 
when  the  subdivision  needs  a  semicolon^  is  the  best 
mark  to  use  :  "  He's  here  in  double  trust  :  first,  as  I 
am  his  kinsman  and  his  subject  ;  then,  as  his  host." 


The  Comma.  107 

The  Semicolon. 

Rule. — The  semicolon  stands  in  any  part 
of  a  sentence  where  the  comma  will  not 
show  the  disconnection  of  the  groups  :  ''His 
promises  were,  as  he  then  was,  mighty ;  but 
his  performances,  as  he  is  now,  nothing." 
"  Pr'y  thee,  peace  ;  I  dare  do  all  that  may 
become  a  man  ;  who  dares  do  more,  is  none." 

Note. — The  meaning  and  structure  oi  a  sentence  are 
both  to  be  considered  in  punctuation.  In  the  first 
sentence  above,  four  members  are  given — two,  sep- 
arated by  a  comma,  to  the  **  promises,**  and  two, 
likewise  separated,  to  the  "  performances."  Hence 
the  semicolon  to  set  off  the  pairs.  In  the  second,  no 
conjunction  is  found  between  the  members  ;  and 
hence  the  greater  pause  than  the  comma  would 
show. 

The  Comma. 

The  Simple  Sentence. 

Rule  I. — The  simple  sentence,  in  general, 
admits  of  no  comma  :  "  A  thing  of  beauty  is 
a  joy  forever."  *'The  glance  of  melancholy 
is  a  fearful  gift." 

Exception  i.— When  a  very  long  group — whether 
phrase  or  member — is  used  as  subject y  attribute,  or 
apposition,  a  comma  may  mark  it:  "That  he 
thought  himself  fully  secure  in  his  position,  is  much 
to  be  regretted."     **  My  own  hope  is,  a  sun   will 


io8  Rules  for  Punctuation. 

pierce  the  thickest  cloud  earth  ever  stretched." 
"  It  were  not  for  your  quiet  nor  your  good  to  let 
you  know  my  thoughts." 

Exception  2. — When  an  object  group  stands  before 
the  transitive  verb,  or  is  interrupted  by  it,  a  comma 
should  mark  it:  ''Look  on  it  again,  I  dare  not." 
*'  Then,  I  say,  well  uyiy  we  fight." 

Remark. — In  Ex.  i,  the  length  of  the  group  is  con- 
sidered ;  in  Ex.  2,  its  unusual  position  in  the  sen- 
tence. 

Note. — A  single  word  in  an  unusual  position  some- 
times demands  a  comma  :  **  Held  his  head  high  and 
cared  for  no  man,  he,'^ 

Rule  11. — Members  of  Compound  and 
Complex  Sentences. 

A.  The  Compound  Sentence. 

When  the  members  are  eiiiphatically  dis- 
tinct in  construction,  or  of  very  unequal 
lengthy  the  comma  should  separate  them  :  "  I 
listened,  but  I  could  not  hear.'*  *^  I  woke, 
and  we  were  sailing  on  as  in  a  gentle 
weather."  "  I  am  the  vine,  and  my  Father 
is  the  husbandman." 

Note. — Emphatic  distinction  is  sometimes  made  by 
a  difference  in  subjects,  moods,  or  tenses.  The  most 
emphatic  is  between  yes  and  no:  as,  "He  heard  it, 
but  he  heeded  not." 


The  Comma,  109 

B,  The  Complex  Sentence. 

When  a  member  stands  in  its  natural /^j/- 
tion  and  restricts  what  it  modifies,  no  comma 
goes  before  it.^  When  out  of  its  natural 
position,  or  ;/i7«-restrictive,  it  is  marked  by 
the  comma. 

'*  If  you  have  tears,  prepare  to  shed  them 
now."  "They  that  have  done  this  deed  are 
honorable."  "He  was  never,  but  where  he 
meant  to  ruin,  pitiful." 

Note  I. — The  natural  position  of  the  relative  pro- 
noun is  after  its  antecedent  ;  that  of  the  adverb  mem- 
ber, after  the  leading  member. 

Note  II. — A  member,  a  phrase,  or  a  word  is  re- 
strictive when,  zuithotct  it,  the  meaning  of  the  rest  of 
the  sentence  would  be  false  or  obscure;  as,  *'No  man 
that  hath  a  blemish,  shall  come  nigh."  "  He  that 
overcometh  shall  inherit  all  things."  Without  the  re- 
strictive member,  the  first  sentence  would  h^  false', 
the  second,  obscure.  "  The  sailors,  who  were  all 
Catholics,  attended  Mass  in  a  body."  Here  the 
member  is  ;?<?«-restrictive. 

Both  the  meaniiis^  and  position  of  the  words  must  be 
considered.  "  He  jests  at  scars,  that  never  felt  a 
wound.''  Here  the  member,  though  restrictive,  does 
not  closely  follow  the  antecedent  "  he,"  and  is  there- 
fore set  off.  "  He  that  never  felt  a  wound,  jests  at 
scars."  Here  the  restrictive  member  closely  follows 
its  antecedent,  and  therefore  no  comma  is  required 
between   it  and  "he," 

N.B. — When  it  or  its  antecedent  is,  ox  in  ay  hz,  under- 
stood, the  relative  is  restrictive;  as,  "Take  the  goods 
the  gods  provide  thee."  "  Who  steals  my  purse,  steals 
trash."   (See  p.  52,  Note  H.,  and  p.  6g,  Note  HI.) 

*  After  it,  however,  if  the  sense  requires  it,  a  comma 
is  placed. 


no  Rules  for  Punctuation. 

The   Word   or   Phrase. 

Rule  \\\.— {Adjective  (a),  Adverb  (b),  Ap- 
position (c),  Absolute  (d).) 

When  a  word  or  phrase  stands  in  its  natu- 
ral position,  and  restricts  what  it  modifies, 
no  comma  should  separate  it.  When  out  of 
its  .natural  position,  or  ;/^;^-restrictive,  the 
comma  should  mark  it. 

{a)  '*  Forlorn  of  thee,  whither  shall  I  be- 
take me  ?  "  **  She,  ending,  waved  her  hands." 
"Incensed  with  indignation,  Satan  stood." 

Note  I. — A  participle,  though  always  an  adjective 
in  construction^  has  sometimes  the  vicanijig  of  an 
adverb  phrase  or  member.  When  so  used,  it  never 
can  restrict  a  noun  or  pronoun.  "The  gentleman 
entering  the  room  is  my  father."  Here  the  participle 
is  restrictive.  "The  gentleman,  enterittg  the  rojm 
(i.e.,  upon  entering  the  room),  bowed  politely."  Here 
the  participle  has  the  force  of  an  adverb  phrase,  and 
so  cannot  restrict  the  noun. 

{V)  *'  Hard  by,  a  cottage  chimney  smokes." 
"  In  this  slumbery  agitation,  besides  her 
walking  and  other  actual  performances,  what, 
at  any  time,  have  you  heard  her  say  ? " 
**  And  oftentimes,  to  win  us  to  our  harm,  the 
instruments  of  evil  tell  us  truths." 

(c)  "  I  Paul  myself  beseech  you."  "  Simon, 
5on   of    Jonas,   lovest  thou    Me?"     "The 


The  Word  or  Phrase.  1 1 1 

thane  of  Cawdor  lives,  a  prosperous  gentle- 
man." 

Note. — Where  '^' namely''  is  understood,  the  appo- 
sition word  or  phrase  is  always  set  off. 

(</)  **  Save,  Lord,  or  we  perish."  "  Son, 
thou  art  ever  with  me."  ^'  This  done,  the  rest 
was  easy."  ""  To  tell  the  truth,  I  forgot  you." 
"  The  roads,  considering  the  season,  were 
good."  "  The  culprit,  strange  to  say,  was 
pardoned." 

Note. — Absolutes  are  always  to  be  set  off  by  the 
comma. 

Two  Words  Only. 

Rule  IV. — Two  kindred  words  or  phrases 
should  not  be  separated  :  **  He  was  kind  and 
considerate  in  word  and  deed." 

{^Kindred  words  are  words  of  the  same  denomina- 
tion :  two   nouns,  two  verbs,  two  adjectives,  etc.) 

Exceptions. — The  comma  is  put  between  tliem  : 

1.  When  one  word  has  an  adjunct  and  the  other 
has  none,  or  when  each  has  its  own :  "  A  man 
severe  he  was,  and  stern  to  view."  "  He  was  honest 
in  his  dealings,  and  attentive  to  his  business." 

2.  When  there  is  emphatic  distinction :  "  I  come 
to  bury  Caesar,  not  to  praise,"  "  This  he  said,  and 
jiothing  more," 


112  Rules  for  Punctuation. 

3.  Between  the  word  and  its  definiiion :  "Aline 
of  stars,  or  asterisks." 

Three  Words  or  More.  « 

Rule  V. — Three  or  more  kindred  words 
or  phrases  in  succession,  though  connected 
by  conjunctions,  are  sometimes  to  be  sep- 
arated :  "  Crept  to  the  garden  gate,  and 
opened  it,  and  closed." 

Note. — "Crept"  is  non-transitive,  and  "  opened  " 
transitive  ;  hence,  in  spite  of  the  conjunction,  the 
comma. 

Words  Omitted. 

Rule  VI. — When  the  sense  requires  it,  a 
comma  is  put  where  a  word  is  understood : 
"  False,  fleeting,  perjured  Clarence.**  '*  A 
poor,  infirm,  weak,  and  despised  old  man." 
"  Nor  rain,  wind,  thunder,  fire,  are  my 
daughters."  "  Some  hate  idleness  ;  others, 
work."  "  One  furnishes  fuel ;  one,  lights." 
"  The  sister  reads  novels ;  the  brother, 
plays." 

Repetition. 
Rule  VII. — Words  repeated  for  emphasis 
are   set  off  by  the   comma  :  "  Come,  come, 
come:  to  bed,  to  bed."     **  Alone,  alone,  all, 
all  alone." 


The  Dash,  113 

Quotations. 
Rule  VIII. — Whatever  precedes,  inter- 
rupts, or  follows  the  words  in  quotations, 
should  be  set  off  by  the  comma :  ''  Doth 
God  exact  day  labor,  light  denied?",  I  fondly 
ask.  ^'  I  am  content,"  he  answered,  "  to  be 
loved."  She  only  said,  *^  The  day  is  dreary." 
**  He  cometh  not,"  she  said. 

Note. — Commas  inverted  ("  ")  show  the  words 
which  we  quote. 

Interjections. 

Rule  IX. — Interjections,  when  not  ex- 
clamatory, are  set  off  by  the  comma  :  "  Alas, 
the  heavy  day  !  "  ^'  Lo,  where  it  comes 
again  !  " 

Note. — "O"  as  a  vocative,  is  not  to  be  set  off: 
^'  O  Brutus  !  "     "  O  wof  ul  day  ! " 

The  Dash. 

Rule  I. — The  dash  shows  a  sudden  inter- 
ruption or  break  in  the  structure  of  a  sen- 
tence :  "  He  is — but  I  really  cannot  describe 
him."  "  When  I  remember — ah,  what  avails 
it  now !  " 

Rule  II. — The  dash,  where  we  cannot 
well  put  another  mark,  is  convenient ;  but  it 
should  not  be  too  often  used :  "  It  weighs  I 


114  Eules  for  Functuation, 

don't  know  what — whole  hundredweights/* 
"  He  laughed — quite  shouted,  he  laughed  so 
loud."  *'  My  God,  my  sire,  my  country — 
these  I  love/' 

Note.— After  •*  Dear  Sir,"  "  My  Dear  Friend,"  etc. , 
the  dash  may  be  used  with  the  comma  or  colon  ;  or 
any  of  these  marks  may  be  used  alone. 

Rule  III. — The  dash — but  no  longer  as  a 
sign  of  pause — may  be  used — 

1.  Between  the  heading  and  the  body  of  a 
paragraph,  and  before  the  author's  name : 
"  The  goddess  Di-a-na. — The  usual  pronun- 
ciation is  Di-an>a."  — Smart. 

2.  Before  the  answer  to  a  question,  upon 
the  same  line :  *^  Who  comes  here  ?  " — '^  A 
friend." 

3.  To  show  omitted  letters  in  the  body  of 

a  word  :  "  The   Rev.    C y  of  B n  is 

expected."     **  Hum,  hum,  hum — m — m  !  " 

Curves. 

Rule. — Words  entirely  broken  from  the 
structure  that  surround  them,  should  be  set 
off  by  curves  of  parenthesis :  **  His  death 
(what  a  blessing  !)  had  long  been  expected." 

Instead  of  the  curves  the  dash  may  be  used. 

Note. — Punctuate  the  rest  as  if  the  curves  were 
omitted  ;  and  the  words  within  the  curves,  as  if  they 


Hyphen — Apostrophe.  115 

stood  alone  :  "  There  was  a  lady  once  ('tis  an  old 
story)  that  would  not  be  a  queen."  "  She  gave  (who 
can  deny  it?)  all  she  had." 

Capitals    and    Hyphened    Words,    and 
Apostrophe. 

Capitals. — Every  sentence  and  proper  noun 
should  begin  with  a  capital,  as  also  the  adjec- 
tives formed  from  proper  nouns.  Titles  and 
headings,  and  very  important  single  words 
begin,  and  are  sometimes  spelled  throughout, 
with  capitals. 

Hyphened  Words. — The  hyphen  (a  short 
dash)  is  sometimes  used  to  connect  com- 
pound words  ;  as,  printing-press,  man-of-war, 
son-in-law,  etc.  When  in  doubt,  consult  the 
dictionary.  It  is  also  used  at  the  end  of  a 
line  when  some  syllable  of  the  end-word  is 
carried  over  to  the  line  following.  A  syllable 
is  never  to  be  broken. 

The  Apostrophe. — The  apostrophe  Q  is 
used  to  show  that  some  letter  or  letters  of  a 
word  are  left  out  ;  as,  "-  e'er  "  for  "  ever," 
"  it's  "  for  *'  it  is,"  '*  'tis  "  for  *'  it  is,"  etc. 


SENTENCES  TO  BE  PUNCTUATED. 

Subject  Members. 

1.  That  imitation  is  the  sincerest  flattery- 
has  generally  been  acknowledged. 

2.  How  far  I've  proceeded  and  how  far 
further  shall  is  warranted  by  a  commission 
from  the  consistory. 

3.  That  it  is  glorious  to  die  for  one's  coun- 
try is  a  sentiment  uniformly  cherished  by 
all  good  men. 

4.  At  what  period  the  poems  of  Homer 
were  composed  has  not  been  positively 
ascertained. 

5.  Who  was  the  author  of  the  Letters  of 
Phalaris  has  been  the  subject  of  very  ingen- 
ious and  learned  discussion. 

6.  Whether  Columbus  was  the  first  dis- 
coverer of  America  or  not  is  a  question 
among  historians. 

Attribute  Members. 
I.  The  great  and  decisive  test  of  genius  is 
that  it  calls  forth  power  in  the  souls  of  others. 
116 


Apposition  Members,  117 

2.  His  grand  exceUence  was  this  that  he 
was  a  true  man. 

3.  One  of  the  most  useful  effects  of  action 
is  that  it  renders  repose  agreeable. 

4.  My  own  hope  is  a  sun  will  pierce  the 
thickest  cloud  earth  ever  stretched. 

5.  The  important  question  is  what  next  is 
to  be  done. 

6.  The  physician's  directions  were  that 
the  patient  should  avoid  excitement  and 
that  he  should  be  careful  in  diet. 

Apposition  Members. 

1.  That  I  have  ta'en  away  this  old  man's 
daughter  it  is  most  true. 

2.  It  is  not  meet  you  know  how  Caesar 
loved  you. 

3.  There  is  no  foundation  for  the  popular 
doctrine  that  a  state  may  flourish  by  arts 
and  crimes. 

4.  It  was  the  fate  of  Dr.  Bentley  that  every 
work  executed  or  projected  by  him  should 
be  assailed. 

5.  It  is  surprising  in  what  countless  swarms 
the  bees  have  overspread  the  far  West 
within  but  a  moderate  number  of  years. 

6.  It  is  an  exquisite  and  beautiful  thing  in 
our  nature  that  when  the  heart  is  touched 


ii8  Sentences  to  be  Punctuated, 

and  softened  by  some  tranquil  happiness  or 
affectionate  feeling  the  memory  of  the  dead 
comes  over  it  most  powerfully  and  irresistibly. 

Object  Members. 

1.  What  private  griefs  they  have  alas  I 
know  not. 

2.  How  long  in  that  same  fit  I  lay  I  have 
not  to  declare. 

3.  Who  was  to  represent  the  Queen  of 
Beauty  and  of  Love  no  one  was  prepared  to 
guess. 

4.  That  I  did  not  like  the  red  light  I  see 
no  reason  to  conceal. 

5.  Where  the  baby  came  from  I  don't 
know. 

6.  Where  the  dead  body  is  bestow'd  my 
lord  we  cannot  get  from  him. 

Sentences  j:o  be  Punctuated. 

1.  And  he  lifted  up  his  eyes  and  saw  his 
brother  Benjamin  his  mothers  son  and  said 
Is  this  your  younger  brother  of  whom  ye 
spake  to  me.  And  he  said  God  be  gracious 
unto  thee  my  son.  Bible 

2.  Then  pilgrim  turn  thy  cares  forego 

All  earth-born  cares  are  wrong 


Sentences  to  be  Punctuated,  119 

Man  wants  but  little  here  below 
Nor  wants  that  little  long 

Goldsmith 

3.  The  gold-seeker  whom  I  sincerely- 
pitied  at  length  clambered  from  the  pit  with 
the  bitterest  disappointment  imprinted  upon 
every  feature  and  proceeded  slowly  and 
reluctantly  to  put  on  his  coat  which  he  had 
thrown  off  at  the  beginning  of  his  labor 
Jupiter  at  a  signal  from  his  master  began  to 
gather  up  his  tools  This  done  and  the  dog 
having  been  unmuzzled  we  returned  in  pro- 
found silence  towards  home  PoE 

4.  The  one  remains  the  many  change  and 

pass 
Heaven's  light  forever  shines  earth's 

shadows  fly 
Time   like   a   dome  of   many-colored 

glass 
Stains  the  white  radiance  of  Eternity 

Shelley 

5 .  'Tis  a  dark  night  sang  the  kettle  and  the 
rotten  leaves  are  lying  by  the  way  and  above 
all  is  mist  and  darkness  and  below  all  is 
mire  and  clay.  DiCKENS 


I20  Sentences  to  be  Punctuated, 

6.  Small   service  is  true  service  while  it 

lasts 
Of  friends  however  humble  scorn  not 

one 
The  daisy  by  the  shadow  that  it  casts 
Protects  the  lingering  dew  drop  from 

the  sun  WORDSWORTH 

7.  I  beg  your  pardon  friend  said  the  old 
gentleman  advancing  to  him  the  more  so  as 
I  fear  your  wife  has  not  been  well  but  the 
attendant  whom  my  infirmity  renders  almost 
indispensable  not  having  arrived  I  fear  there 
must  be  some  mistake  The  bad  night  which 
made  the  shelter  of  your  comfortable  cart 
may  I  never  have  a  worse  so  acceptable  is 
still  as  bad  as  ever.  Dickens 

8.  To  speak  the  truth  I  had  no  special 
relish  for  such  amusement  at  any  time  and 
at  that  particular  moment  would  most  will- 
ingly have  declined  it  for  the  night  was  com- 
ing on  and  I  felt  much  fatigued  with  the 
exercise  already  taken  PoE 

9.  God  gives  us  love.     Something  to  love 
He  lends  us  but  when  love  is  grown 
To  ripeness  that  on  which  it  throve 
Falls  off  and  love  is  left  alone 

Tennyson 


Sentences  to  be  Punctuated,  121 

10.  Life  we  have  been  long  together 
Through  cloudy  and  through  pleasant 

weather. 
Tis  hard  to  part  when  friends  are  dear 
Perhaps  'twill  cost  a  sigh  a  tear. 
Then  steal  away  give  little  warning. 

Choose  thine  own  time 
Say    not    good-night     but    in    some 
brighter  clime 
Bid  me  good-morning      Barbauld 

11.  And  they  lifted  up  their  voice  and 
wept  again  And  Orpah  kissed  her  mother- 
in-law  but  Ruth  clave  unto  her  And  she 
said  Behold  thy  sister-in-law  is  gone  back 
unto  her  people  and  unto  her  gods  return 
thou  after  thy  sister-in-law  And  Ruth  said 
Entreat  me  not  to  leave  thee  or  to  return  from 
following  after  thee  for  whither  thou  goest  I 
will  go  and  where  thou  lodgest  I  will  lodge 
thy  people  shall  be  my  people  and  thy  God 
my  God  Where  thou  diest  will  I  die  and 
there  will  I  be  buried  the  Lord  do  so  to  me 
and  more  also  if  aught  but  death  part  thee 
and  me  Bible 

12.  Where  the  bee  sucks  there  suck  I 
In  a  cowslip's  bell  I  lie 


122  Sentences  to  be  Punctuated. 

There  I  couch  when  owls  do  cry 
On  the  bat's  back  I  do  fly 
After  summer  merrily 
Merrily,  merrily  shall  I  live  now 
Under  the  blossom  that  hangs  on  the 
bough  Shakespeare 

13.  Howe'er  it  be  it  seems  to  me 
*Tis  only  noble  to  be  good 

Kind  hearts  are  more  than  coronets 
And  simple  faith  than  Norman  blood 

Tennyson 

14.  He  asked  water  and  she  gave  him  milk 
She  brought  forth  butter  in  a  lordly  dish  She 
put  her  hand  to  the  nail  and  her  right  hand 
to  the  workman's  hammer  and  with  the  ham- 
mer she  smote  Sisera  she  smote  off  his  head 
when  she  had  pierced  and  stricken  through 
his  temples. 

At  her  feet  lie  bow^d  he  fell  he  lay  down 
at  her  feet  he  bow^d  he  fell  where  he  bowed 
there  he  fell  down  dead 

15.  The  mother  of  Sisera  looked  out  at  a 
window  and  cried  through  the  lattice  Why  is 
his  chariot  so  long  in  coming  Why  tarry  the 
wheels  of  his  chariots 

Her  wise  ladies  answered  her  yea  she  re- 
turned   answer   to    herself     Have  they  not 


Sentences  to  he  Punctuated.  1 23 

sped  have  they  not  divided  the  prey  to  every 
man  a  damsel  or  two  to  Sisera  a  prey  of 
divers  colours  a  prey  of  divers  colours  of  nee- 
dle-work of  divers  colours  of  needle-work  on 
both  sides  meet  for  the  necks  of  them  that 
take  the  spoil 

So  let  thine  enemies  perish  O  Lord 

Bible 

16.  Six  or  seven  months  had  passed  and  I 
had  recovered  from  the  surprise  and  shock 
when  one  morning  as  the  day  was  breaking  I 
standing  at  the  door  looked  towards  the  red 
light  and  saw  the  spectre  again        DiCKENS 

17.  I  strove  with  none  for  none  was  worth 

my  strife 
Nature   I  loved  and  next  to   nature 

art 
I  warmed  both  hands  before  the   fire 
.       of  life 
It  sinks  and  I  am  ready  to  depart 

Landor 

18.  From  this  state  of  inaction  the  baby 
was  recalled  shining  very  much  and  roaring 
violently  to  partake  of  of  a  slight  repast  after 
which  he  went  to  sleep  again  DiCKENS 

19.  Midnight  had  come  upon  the  crowded 


124  Sentences  to  be  Punctuated. 

city  The  palace  the  night-cellar  the  jail  the 
madhouse  the  chambers  of  birth  and  death 
of  health  and  sickness  the  rigid  face  of  the 
corpse  and  the  calm  sleep  of  the  child  mid- 
night was  upon  them  all.  DiCKENS 

20.    Poor   soul   the   centre   of    my   sinful 

earth 
Fool'd  by  those  rebel  powers  that  thee 

array 
Why  dost  thou  pine  within  and  suffer 

dearth 
Painting  thy  outward  walls  so  costly 

gay 
Why  so  large  cost  having  so  short  a 

lease 
Dost  thou   upon   thy  fading  mansion 

spend 
Shall  worms  inheritors  of  this  excess 
Eat  up  thy  charge    Is  this  thy  body's 

end 
Then  soul  live  thou  upon  thy  servant's 

loss 
And  let  that  pine    to  aggravate  thy 

store 
Buy  terms  divine  in  selling  hours  of 

dross 
Within  be  fed  without  be  rich  no  more 


Sentences  to  be  Punctuated.  125 

So  shalt  thou  feed  on  death  that  feeds 

on  men 
And  death  once  dead  there's  no  more 

dying  then  Shakespeare 


PUNCTUATE  THE  FOLLOWING   SO 

AS  TO  SHOW  ANOTHER  MEANING. 

1.  What  is  no  more  again  shall  be. 

2.  The  parson  says  the  lawyer  prays, 
But  honest  debts  he  never  pays. 

3.  I  never  thought  he  such  a  liar  could  be. 

ANALYZE    THE   FOLLOWING,   AND 
NOTE  THE  DIFFERENCE. 

1.  The  pupil  advances  in  nothing  he  does, 
But  remains  in  his  classes  the  same  as 

he  was... 

2.  The  pupil  advances  in  nothing  he  does. 
But  remains  in  his  classes  the  same  ass 

he  was. 


BAD  ENGLISH  CORRECTED;  AND 
PUNCTUATION  MADE,  AND  AC- 
COUNTED FOR  IN  THE  DIAGRAM. 

1.  If  he  is  the  man  who  I  takes  him  to  be 
He  will  learn  you  more  English  and  Latin 

than  me. 

2.  I  think  that  there  was  nothing  mean 
If  what  he  done  was  what  I  seen. 

3.  Him  and  me  being  about  the  same  height 
Is  often  mistook  for  each  other  at  night 
But  the  sun  having  rose  on  our  features 

to  shine 
You  can  see  that  his  eyes  is  some  littler 
than  mine. 

4.  He  said  that  in  case  of  him  getting  home 

late 
To  let  his  son  set  up  to  open  the  gate. 

5.  Had  we  have  went  to  college  longer  me 

and  him 
We  would  be  most  as  strong  or  stronger 
than  is  Jim. 

6.  A  fellow  asking  her  her  age 
The  milliner  got  white  with  rage 
And  boxing  him  upon  the  ear 
Declared  he  had  insulted  her. 

126 


Bad  English  Corrected, 


127 


.' 

J3 

0 

n  feature 

be 

c 

'> 

<A 
A 

j3 

^2 

/ 

o 

H 
U 

D 


c  3 

'a       f «  U 


C3  _,- 


128 


Bad  Efiglish  Corrected, 


Of 


QUESTIONS. 

1.  How  many  groups  of  words  do  we  con- 
sider? 

Ans.  Three :  The  sentence,  the  member, 
and  the  phrase. 

2.  What  is  the  Hkeness,  and  what  is  the 
difference,  between  the  sentence  and  the 
member  ? 

Ans.  Both  contain  a  subject  and  predi- 
cate, but  the  sentence  is  the  whole  thing,  of 
which  the  member  is  a  part. 

3.  How  many  kiitds  of  sentences  have  we  ? 
Ans.    Three  :  Simple,  compound,  and  com- 
plex. 

4.  "What  is  the  likeness,  and  what  is  the 
difference,  between  the  compound  and  com- 
plex sentence  ? 

Ans.  Both  have  fnore  than  one  member; 
but  the  compound  sentence  has  no  adjective 
or  adverb  member. 

5.  What  is  the  likeness,  and  what  is  the 
difference,  between  the  object  and  attribute  ? 

129 


130  Questions. 

Ans.  Both  complete  the  sense  of  the 
verb;  the  object,  of  the  transitive ;  and  the 
attribute,  of  the  ^/^//-transitive. 

6.  What  is  the  Hkeness,  and  what  is  the 
difference,  between  the  subject  and  attribute 
noun  ? 

Ans.  Both  are  in  the  same  case ;  but  the 
attribute  is  always  2i  part  of  the  predicate, 

7.  What  is  the  likeness,  and  what  is  the 
difference,  between  the  subject  of  the  infini- 
tive and  the  object  of  the  transitive  verb  ? 

Ans.  Both  are  in  the  objective  case ;  but 
the  subject  is  never  governed,  and  the  object 
always  is. 

8.  What  is  the  likeness,  and  what  is  the 
difference,  between  the  adjective  and  apposi- 
tion ? 

Ans.  Both  relate  to  nouns  ;  but  the  appo- 
sition is  always  another  noun  or  pronoun. 

9.  What  is  the  likeness,  and  what  is  the 
difference,  between  the  attribute  noun  and 
the  apposition  ? 

Ans.  Both  agree  in  case  with  the  noun 
that  they  refer  to  ;  but  the  attribute  is  al- 
ways inside  of  the  bone,  and  the  apposition 
outside, 

10.  In  how  many  forms  may  a  noun,  an 
adjective,  or  an  adverb  appear  ? 


Narration^  131 

Ans.  Three :  As  a  single  word,  a  phrase, 
or  a  member. 

II.  What  is  a  direct ^  and  what  is  an 
indirect^  question  ? 

Ans.  a  direct  question  is  a  whole  sen- 
tence ;  an  indirect  question  is  but  a  /<^r/  of  a 
sentence:  i.e.,  it  is  used  as  subject,  object, 
attribute,  or  apposition,  in  the  sentence  of 
which  it  forms  a  part.  The  direct  question 
has  always  the  interrogation-mark  (?),  the  in- 
direct never  has. 

NARRATION. 

There  are  two  kinds  of  Narration, — Direct 
and  Indirect. 

To  repeat  a  person's  statement  in  his  own 
words,  is  called  Quotation  or  Direct  Narra- 
tion ;  as,  He  said,  "  Thou  art  my  brother.'* 
To  repeat,  in  any  other  way,  what  has  been 
stated,  is  called  Indirect  Narration  ;  as.  He 
said  that  /  was  his  brother. 

Were  the  first  sentence  on  the  next  page 
a  direct  narration,  it  would  appear  thus : 


Dirico-respondit  +  - 


"  Helvetii  — sunt  instituti 

i 

ita 

illi  -  consuerint  ■<  accipere  +  obsides 

et  (        at 

populus  •-  est    +    testis. 

I 
rei 

I 
ejus." 


132 


Analysis  of  Latin  Sentences. 


.2  •« 

■"  a 


I 


a  'I 


Analysis  of  Latin  Sentences. 


133 


O     rt    "M 


.2 
'3 

6 

0 

6 

1     i 

a;    2  1 

v: 

3 

0 

^ 0 

is      G     0 

0 

^ 

A 

a        " 

rt     i>    t> 

"1 

•0 

X 
u. 

cr 

0 

2 

t 

8-1 
0       a 

sli 

0 

0-; 

I 

0 

5B 

0 

'3 

u 

w 

cr 

to 

^  -^"^ 

0 

nv 

Pi 

U  + 

^ 

0 

03 

.—^ 

H 

f  § 

\ 

X 

a 

w 

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c^ 

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Pi 

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cr 

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¥: 


134 


Analysis  of  Latin  Se?itences. 


a 


CJ 
Di 

Pi 


-I 


0? 


OS. 


i-r^ 


+     :5^ 

en         4> 


rt     S 


I 


[These  poems  are  chosen  for  analysis  and  punctua- 
tion.] 

THE  RAVEN. 

Once  upon  a  midnight  dreary,  while  I  pondered, 
weak  and  weary, 

Over  many  a  quaint  and  curious  volume  of  for- 
gotten lore. 

While  I  nodded,  nearly  napping,  suddenly  there 
came  a  tapping. 

As  of  some  one  gently  rapping — rapping  at  my 
chamber  door. 

*'  'Tis  some  visitor,"  I  muttered,  '*  tapping  at  my 
chamber  door ; 

Only  this,  and  nothing  more." 

Ah,   distinctly  I  remember  it  was  in   the  bleak 

December, 
And  each  separate  dying  ember  wrought  its  ghost 

upon  the  floor. 
Eagerly  I  wished  the  morrow  ;  vainly  I  had  sought 

to  borrow 
From  my  books  surcease  of  sorrow — sorrow  for 

the  lost  Lenore, 
For  the  rare  and  radiant  maiden  whom  the  angels 

name  Lenore, 

Nameless  here  for  evermore. 
135 


136  For  Analysis  and  Punctuation, 

And  the  silken  sad  uncertain  rustling  of  each  pur- 
ple curtain 

Thrilled   me — filled    me — with    fantastic   terrors 
never  felt  before  ; 

So  that  now,  to  still  the  beating  of  my  heart,  I 
stood  repeating, 

'''Tis   some    visitor   entreating   entrance   at  my 
chamber  door — 

Some  late  visitor  entreating  entrance  at  my  cham- 
ber door ; 

This  it  is,  and  nothing  more." 

Presently  my  soul  grew  stronger  ;  hesitating  then 
no  longer, 

''Sir,"  said  I,  ''or  Madam,  truly  your  forgive- 
ness I  implore  ; 

But  the  fact  is  I  was  napping,  and  so  gently  you 
came  rapping. 

And  so  faintly  you  came  tapping,  tapping  at  my 
chamber  door. 

That    I  scarce    was  sure  I  heard  you."    Here  I 
opened  wide  the  door. 

Darkness  there,  and  nothing  more. 

Deep   into  that    darkness  peering,   long  I  stood 

there,  wondering,  fearing. 
Doubting,  dreaming  dreams  no  mortal  ever  dared 

to  dream  before. 
But  the  silence  was  unbroken,  and  the  stillness 

gave  no  token, 


TJu  Raven.  137 

And  the  only  word  there  spoken  was  the  whis- 
pered word,  * '  Lenore  !  ' ' 

This  I  whispered,  and  an  echo  murmured  back  the 
word, '  *  Lenore  !  ' ' 

Merely  this,  and  nothing  more. 

Back  into  the  chamber  turning,  all  my  soul  with- 
in me  burning. 

Soon  again  I  heard  a  tapping,  something  louder 
than  before. 

*'  Surely,"  said  I,  '^surely  that  is  something  at 
my  window-lattice  ; 

Let  me  see,  then,  what  thereat  is,  and  this  mys- 
tery explore  ; 

Let  my  heart  be  still  a  moment,  and  this  mystery 
explore  ; 

'Tis  the  wind,  and  nothing  more." 

Open  here  I  flung  the  shutter,  when,  with  many  a 

flirt  and  flutter. 
In   there  stepped  a  stately  Raven  of  the  saintly 

days  of  yore. 
Not  the  least  obeisance  made  he,  not  a  minute 

stopped  or  stayed  he. 
But,  with  mien  of  lord  or  lady,  perched  above  my 

chamber  door — 
Perched  upon  a   bust    of  Pallas   just   above   my 

chamber  door — 

Perched,  and  sat,  and  nothing  more. 


138  For  Analysis  afid  Punctuation. 

Then  this  ebon  bird  beguiling  my  sad  fancy  into 
smiling, 

By  the.  grave  and  stern  decorum  of  the  counte- 
nance it  wore, 

*'  Though  thy  crest  be  shorn  and  shaven,  thou,"  I 
said,  *'  art  sure  no  craven. 

Ghastly,    grim,    and    ancient    Raven,    wandering 
from  the  Nightly  shore. 

Tell  me  what  thy  lordly  name  is  on  the  Night's 
Plutonian  shore  !  ' ' 

Quoth  the  Raven,  *'  Nevermore." 

Much  I  marvelled  this  ungainly  fowl  to  hear  dis- 
course so  plainly. 

Though  its  answer  little  meaning,  little  relevancy 
bore ; 

For  we  cannot  help  agreeing  that  no  living  human 
being 

Ever  yet  was  blessed  with  seeing  bird  above  his 
chamber  door — 

Bird  or  beast  upon  the  sculptured  bust  above  his 
chamber  door, 

With  such  a  name  as  **  Nevermore." 

But  the  Raven,  sitting  lonely  on  that  placid  bust, 

spoke  only 
That  one  word,  as  if  his  soul  in  that  one  word  he 

did  outpour. 
Nothing  further  then  he  uttered,    not  a  feather 

then  he  fluttered. 


The  Raven,  139 

Till    I    scarcely   more    than    muttered,    '*  Other 

friends  have  flown  before  ! 
On  the  morrow  he  will  leave  me,  as  my  hopes 

have  flown  before  !  ' ' 

Then  the  bird  said,  * '  Nevermore. ' ' 

Startled  at  the  stillness  broken  by  reply  so  aptly 
spoken, 

^'Doubtless,"  said  I,  ''  what  it  utters  is  its  only 
stock  and  store, 

Caught  from  some  unhappy  master  whom  unmer- 
ciful Disaster 

Followed  fast  and  followed  faster  till  his  songs 
one  burden  bore — 

Till  the  dirges  of  his  Hope  that  melancholy  bur- 
den bore 

Of  *  Never — nevermore  !  '  " 

But  the  Raven  still  beguiling  all  my  sad  soul  into 

smiling. 
Straight  I   wheeled  a  cushioned  seat  in  front  of 

bird  and  bust  and  door  ; 
Then,  upon  the  velvet  sinking,  I  betook  myself  to 

linking 
Fancy  unto   fancy,   thinking  what  this   ominous 

bird  of  yore — 
What  this   grim,   ungainly,   ghastly,    gaunt,   and 

ominous  bird  of  yore 

Meant  in  croaking  '*  Nevermore." 


140  For  Analysis  and  Punctuation, 

This  I  sat  engaged  in  guessing,  but  no  syllable 

expressing 
To  the  fowl  whose  fiery  eyes  now  burned  into  my 

bosom's  core ; 
This  and  more  I  sat  divining,  with  my  head  at 

ease  reclining 
On  the  cushion's  velvet  lining  that  the  lamplight 

gloated  o'er. 
But  whose  velvet  violet  lining,  with  the  lamplight 

gloating  o'er. 

She  shall  press,  ah,  nevermore  ! 

Then,  methought,  the  air  grew  denser,  perfumed 

from  an  unseen  censer, 
Swung  by  Seraphim  whose  footfalls  tinkled  on  the 

tufted  floor. 
''  Wretch  !  "  I  cried,  ^'thy  God  hath  lent  thee^ 

by  these  angels  He  hath  sent  thee 
Respite — respite  and  nepenthe  from  thy  memories 

of  Lenore  ! 
Quaff,  oh  quaff  this  kind  nepenthe,  and  forget  the 

lost  Lenore  !  " 

Quoth  the  Raven,  '^  Nevermore." 

''Prophet  !  "   said  I,    '^hing  of  evil  ! — prophet 

still,  if  bird  or  devil ! 
Whether  Tempter  sent,  or  whether  tempest  tossed 

thee  here  ashore, 
Desolate  yet  all  undaunted,  on  this  desert  land 

enchanted — 


The  Raven,  141 

On  his  home  by  horror  haunted — tell  me  truly,  I 

implore, 
Is  there — is  there  balm  in  Gilead?   Tell  me! — tell 

me,  I  implore  ?  " 

Quoth  the  Raven,  '*  Nevermore." 

"Prophet  !  "  said  I,    'Hhing  of  evil  ! — prophet 

still,  if  bird  or  devil ! 
By  that  Heaven  that  bends  above  us — by  that  God 

we  both  adore  ! 
Tell   this  soul  with  sorrow  laden,  if,  within  the 

distant  Aidenn, 
It  shall  clasp  a  sainted  maiden  whom  the  angels 

name  Lenore — 
Clasp  a  rare  and  radiant  maiden  whom  the  angels 

name  Lenore  ? ' ' 

Quoth  the  Raven,  **  Nevermore." 

'*  Be  that  word  our  sign  of  parting,  bird  or  fiend  !  " 

I  shrieked,  upstarting. 
**  Get  thee  back  into  the  tempest  and  the  Nights 

Plutonian  shore  ! 
Leave  no  black  plume  as  a  token  of  that  lie  thy 

soul  hath  spoken  ! 
Leave  my  loneliness  unbroken  !  quit  the  bust  above 

my  door  ! 
Take  thy  beak  from  out   my  heart,  and  take  thy 

form  from  off  my  door !  '  * 

Quoth  the  Raven,  *' Nevermore/* 


142  For  Analysis  and  Punctuation, 

And  the  Raven,  never  flitting,  still  is  sitting,  still 
is  sitting 

On  the  pallid  bust  of  Pallas  just  above  my  cham- 
ber door ; 

And  his  eyes  have  all  the  seeming  of  a  demon's 
that  is  dreaming. 

And  the  lamplight  o'er  him  streaming  throws  his 
shadow  on  the  floor ; 

And  my  soul  from  out  that  shadow  that  lies  float- 
ing on  the  floor 

Shall  be  lifted — nevermore. 
— Edgar  A.  Foe, 


THE   BROOK. 

Here,  by  this  brook,  we  parted ;  I  to  the  East 
And  he  for  Italy — too  late — too  late  : 
One  whom  the  strong  sons  of  the  world  despise ; 
For  lucky  rhymes  to  him  were  scrip  and  share, 
And  mellow  metres  more  than  cent  for  cent ; 
Nor  could  he  understand  how  money  breeds, 
Thought  it  a  dead  thing  ;   yet  himself  could  make 
The  thing  that  is  not  as  the  thing  that  is. 

0  had  he  lived  !     In  our  schoolbooks  we  say. 
Of  those  that  held  their  heads  above  the  crowd. 
They  flourish'd  then  or  then  ;   but  life  in  him 
Could  scarce  be  said  to  flourish,  only  touch'd 
On  such  a  time  as  goes  before  the  leaf. 

When  all  the  wood  stands  in  a  mist  of  green. 
And  nothing  perfect :   yet  the  brook  he  loved, 
For  which,  in  branding  summers  of  Bengal, 
Or  ev'n  the  sweet  half- English  Neilgherry  air, 

1  panted,  seems,  as  I  re-listen  to  it. 
Prattling  the  primrose  fancies  of  the  boy, 

To  me  that  loved  him  ;  for  '^  O  brook,"  he  says, 
**  O  babbling  brook,"  says  Edmund  in  his  rhyme, 
'  *  Whence  come  you  ?  "  and  the  brook,  why  not  ? 
replies  : 

'43 


144  For  Analysis  and  Punctuation, 

I  come  from  the  haunts  of  coot  and  hern, 

I  make  a  sudden  sally, 
And  sparkle  out  among  the  fern, 

To  bicker  down  a  valley. 

By  thirty  hills  I  hurry  down, 

Or  slip  between  the  ridges, 
By  twenty  thorps,  a  little  town. 

And  half  a  hundred  bridges. 

Till  last  by  Philip's  farm  I  flow 

To  join  the  brimming  river, 
For  men  may  come  and  men  may  go, 

But  I  go  on  forever. 

*'  Poor  lad,  he  died  at  Florence,  quite  worn  out, 
Travelling  to  Naples.     There  is  Darnley  bridge, 
It  has  more  ivy ;  there  the  river  ;  and  there 
Stands  Philip's  farm  where  brook  and  river  meet. 

I  chatter  over  stony  ways, 

In  little  sharps  and  trebles. 
I  bubble  into  eddying  bays, 

I  babble  on  the  pebbles. 

With  many  a  curve  my  banks  I  fret 

By  many  a  field  and  fallow, 
And  many  a  fairy  foreland  set 

With  willow-weed  and  mallow. 

I  chatter,  chatter,  as  I  flow 

To  join  the  brimming  river. 
For  men  may  come  and  men  may  go, 

But  I  go  on  forever. 

**  But  Philip  chatter'd  more  than  brook  or  bird  : 
Old  Philip  ;  all  about  the  fields  you  caught 


The  Brook,  145 

His  weary  daylong  chirping,  like  the  dry 
High-elbow'd  grigs  that  leapt  in  summer  grass. 

.    I  wind  about,  and  in  and  out, 
With  here  a  blossom  sailing, 
And  here  and  there  a  lusty  trout, 
And  here  and  there  a  grayling. 

And  here  and  there  a  foamy  flake 

Upon  me,  as  I  travel 
With  many  a  silvery  waterbreak 

Above  the  golden  gravel, 

And  draw  them  all  along,  and  flow 

To  join  the  brimming  river. 
For  men  may  come  and  men  may  go. 

But  I  go  on  forever. 

' '  O  darling  Katie  Willows,  his  one  child  ! 
A  maiden  of  our  century,  yet  most  meek ; 
A  daughter  of  our  meadows,  yet  not  coarse ; 
Straight,  but  as  lissome  as  a  hazel  wand ; 
Her  eyes  a  bashful  azure,  and  her  hair 
In  gloss  and  hue  the  chestnut,  when  the  shell 
Divides  threefold  to  show  the  fruit  within. 

''  Sweet  Katie,  once  I  did  her  a  good  turn, 
Her  and  her  far-off  cousin  and  betrothed, 
James  Willows,  of  one  name  and  heart  with  her. 
For  here  I  came,  twenty  years  back — the  week 
Before  I  parted  with  poor  Edmund  ;  crost 
By  that  old  bridge  which,  half  in  ruins  then. 
Still  makes  a  hoary  eyebrow  for  the  gleam 
Beyond  it,  where  the  waters  marry — crost, 


146  For  Analysis  and  Punctuation. 

Whistling  a  random  bar  of  Bonny  Doon, 
And  push'd  at  Philip's  garden-gate.      The  gate, 
Half-parted  from  a  weak  and  scolding  hinge, 
Stuck  ;  and  he  clamor'd  from  a  casement,  *  Run ' 
To  Katie  somewhere  in  the  walks  below, 
*  Run,  Katie  !  '  Katie  never  ran  :   she  moved 
To  meet  me,  winding  under  woodbine  bowers, 
A  little  fluttered  with  her  eyelids  down. 
Fresh  apple-blossom,  blushing  for  a  boon. 

* '  What  was  it  ?  less  of  sentiment  than  sense 
Had  Katie  ;  not  illiterate  ;  nor  of  those 
Who  dabbling  in  the  fount  of  Active  tears. 
And  nursed  by  mealy-mouth'd  philanthropies. 
Divorce  the  Feeling  from  her  mate  the  Deed. 

^ '  She  told  me.      She  and  James  had  quarrel'd. 
Why? 
What  cause  of  quarrel  ?    None,  she  said,  no  cause  ; 
James  had  no  cause  :    but  when  I  prest  the  cause, 
I  learnt  that  James  had  flickering  "jealousies 
Which  anger'd  her.     Who  anger'd  James?  I  said. 
But  Katie  snatch'd  her  eyes  at  once  from  mine, 
And  sketching  with  her  slender  pointed  foot 
Some  figure  like  a  wizard  pentagram 
On  garden  gravel,  let  my  query  pass 
Unclaim'd,  in  flushing  silence,  till  I  ask'd 
If  James  were  coming.      *  Coming  every  day/ 
She  answer'd,  *  ever  longing  to  explain, 
But  evermore  her  father  came  across 


The  Brook,  147 

With  some  long-winded  tale,  and  broke  him  short ; 
And  James  departed  vext  with  him  and  her/ 
How  could  I  help  her  ?  *  Would  I — was  it  wrong  ? ' 
(Claspt  hands  and  that  petitionary  grace 
Of  sweet  seventeen  subdued  me  ere  she  spoke) 
'  O  would  I  take  her  father  for  one  hour, 
For  one  half-hour,  and  let  him  talk  to  me  ! ' 
And  even  while  she  spoke,  I  saw  where  James 
Made  toward  us,  like  a  wader  in  the  surf, 
Beyond  the  brook,  waist  deep  in  meadow-sweet. 

^'  O  Katie,  what  I  suffered  for  your  sake ! 
For  in  I  went  and  call'd  old  Philip  out 
To  show  the  farm  :   full  willingly  he  rose  : 
He  led  me  thro'  the  short  sweet-smelling  lanes 
Of  his  wheat-suburb,  babbling  as  he  went. 
He  praised  his  land,  his  horses,  his  machines ; 
He  praised  his  ploughs,  his  cows,  his  hogs,  his 

dogs ; 
He  praised  his  hens,  his  geese,  his  guinea-hens  ; 
His  pigeons,  who  in  session  on  their  roofs 
Approved  him,  bowing  at  their  own  deserts  : 
Then  from  the  plaintive  mother's  teat  he  took 
Her  blind  and  shuddering  puppies,  naming  each, 
And  naming  those,  his  friends,  for  whom  they 

were  : 
Then  crost  the  common  into  Darnley  chase 
To  show  Sir  Arthur's  deer.      In  copse  and  fern 
Twinkled  the  innumerable  ear  and  tail. 
Then,  seated  on  a  serpent-rooted  beech, 


148  For  Analysis  and  Punctuation. 

He  pointed  out  a  pasturing  colt,  and  said : 

*  That  was  the  four-year-old  I  sold  the  Squire/ 

And  there  he  told  a  long  long-winded  tale 

Of  how  the  Squire  had  seen  the  colt  at  grass, 

And  how  it  was  the  thing  his  daughter  wish'd, 

And  how  he  sent  the  bailiff  to  the  farm 

To  learn  the  price,  and  what  the  price  he  ask'd, 

And  how  the  bailiff  swore  that  he  was  mad, 

But  he  stood  firm  ;  so  the  matter  hung ; 

He  gave  them  line :  and  five  days  after  that 

He  met  the  bailiff  at  the  Golden  Fleece, 

Who  then  and  there  had  ofifer'd  something  more, 

But  he  stood  firm  ;  and  so  the  matter  hung  ; 

He  knew  the  man  ;  the  colt  would  fetch  its  price  ; 

He  gave  them  line  :   and  how  by  chance  at  last 

(It  might  be  May  or  April,  he  forgot. 

The  last  of  April  or  the  first  of  May) 

He  found  the  bailiff  riding  by  the  farm, 

And,  talking  from  the  point,  he  drew  him  in, 

And  there  he  mellow'd  all  his  heart  with  ale, 

Until  they  closed  a  bargain,  hand  in  hand. 

^^Then,  while  I  breathed  in  sight  of  haven,  he, 
Poor  fellow,  could  he  help  it  ?  recommenced, 
And  ran  thro'  all  the  coltish  chronicle, 
Wild  Will,  Black  Bess,  Tantivy,  Tallyho, 
Reform,  White  Rose,  Bellerophon,  the  Jilt, 
Arbaces,  and  Phenomenon,  and  the  rest, 
Till  not  to  die  a  listener,  I  arose. 
And  with  me  Philip,  talking  still ;  and  so 


The  Brook,  149 

We  turn'd  our  foreheads  from  the  falling  sun, 
And  following  our  own  shadows  thrice  as  long 
As  when  they  follow'd  us  from  Philip's  door, 
Arrived,  and  found  the  sun  of  sweet  content 
Re-risen  in  Katie's  eyes,  and  all  things  well. 

I  steal  by  lawns  and  grassy  plots, 

I  slide  by  hazel  covers  ; 
I  move  the  sweet  forget-me-nots 

That  grow  for  happy  lovers. 

I  slip,  I  slide,  I  gleam,  I  glance. 
Among  my  skimming  swallows  ; 

I  make  the  netted  sunbeam  dance 
Against  my  sandy  shallows. 

I  murmur  under  moon  and  stars 

In  brambly  wildernesses  ; 
I  linger  by  my  shingly  bars  ; 

I  loiter  round  my  cresses  ; 

And  out  again  I  curve  and  flow 

To  join  the  brimming  river. 
For  men  may  come  and  men  may  go, 

But  I  go  on  forever. 

Yes,  men  may  come  and  go  ;  and  these  are  gone. 
All  gone.     My  dearest  brother,  Edmund,  sleeps, 
Not  by  the  well-known  stream  and  rustic  spire, 
But  unfamiliar  Arno,  and  the  dome 
Of  Brunelleschi ;   sleeps  in  peace  :   and  he, 
Poor  Philip,  of  all  his  lavish  waste  of  words 
Remains  the  lean  P.  W.  on  his  tomb  : 
I  scraped  the  lichen  from  it :   Katie  walks 
By  the  long  wash  of  Australasian  seas 


150  For  Analysis  and  Punctuation, 

Far  off,  and  holds  her  head  to  other  stars, 

And  breathes  in  converse  seasons.    All  are  gone." 

So  Lawrence  Aylmer,  seated  on  a  stile 
In  the  long  hedge,  and  rolling  in  his  mind 
Old  waifs  of  rhyme,  and  bowing  o'er  the  brook 
A  tonsured  head  in  middle  age  forlorn, 
Mused  and  was  mute.      On  a  sudden  a  low  breath 
Of  tender  air  made  tremble  in  the  hedge 
The  fragile  bindweed-bells  and  briony  rings ; 
And  he  look'd  up.     There  stood  a  maiden  near, 
Waiting  to  pass.      In  much  amaze  he  stared 
On  eyes  a  bashful  azure,  and  on  hair 
In  gloss  and  hue  the  chestnut,  when  the  shell 
Divides  threefold  to  show  the  fruit  within  : 
Then,  wondering,  ask'd  her  ''Are  you  from  the 

farm  ?  '' 
'*  Yes''  answer'd  she.      '*  Pray  stay  a  little:   par- 
don me  ; 
What    do  they  call  you?"      '*  Katie."      ''That 

were  strange. 
What  surname  ? "    ''Willows."    "No!"    "That 

is  my  name." 
"  Indeed  !  "  and  here  he  look'd  so  self-perplext. 
That  Katie  laugh'd,  and  laughing  blush'd,  till  he 
Laugh'd  also,  but  as  one  before  he  wakes. 
Who  feels  a  glimmering  strangeness  in  his  dream. 
Then  looking  at  her;    "Too  happy,    fresh  and 

fair. 
Too  fresh  and  fair  in  our  sad  world's  best  bloom. 


The  Brook.  151 

To  be  the  ghost  of  one  who  bore  your  name 
About  these  meadows,  twenty  years  ago." 

**  Have  you  not  heard  ?  "  said  Katie,  '^  we  came 
back.  , 

We  bought  the  farm  we  tenanted  before. 
Am  I  so  like  her  ?  so  they  said  on  board. 
Sir,  if  you  knew  her  in  her  English  days. 
My  mother,  as  it  seems  you  did,  the  days 
That  most  she  loves  to  talk  of,  come  with  me. 
My  brother  James  is  in  the  harvest -field  : 
But  she — you  will  be  welcome — O,  come  in  !  " 
— Alfred  Tennyson. 


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JUVENILES. 

Adventures  of  a  Casket.  o  45 

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An    Adventure    with    the    Apaches.      Gabriel    Ferry.  o  40 
Anthony.     A  Tale  of  the  Time  of  Charles  II.  of  England,  o  45 

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Canary  Bird.     Canon  Schmid.  o  40 

Captain  Rougemont.  o  45 

Cassilda;    or,   The   Moorish   Princess.  o  45 
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Cloth,  o  85 

College  Boy,  A.     Anthony  Yorke.     Cloth,  o  85 

Conversations  on  Home  Education*  p  45 


Dimpling's  Success.     Clara  Mulholland.  040 

Episodes  of  the  Paris  Commune.     An  Account  of  the  Religious 
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Every-Day  Girl,  An.     Mary  C.  Crowley. 
Fatal  Diamonds.     E.   C.   Donnelly. 
Finn,  Rev.  F.  J.,  S.J. : 

His  First  and  Last  Appearance.     Illustrated. 

The  Best  Foot  Forward. 

That  Football  Game. 

Ethelred  Preston. 

Claude  Lightfoot. 

Harry  Dee. 

Tom  Playfair. 

Percy  Wynn. 

Mostly  Boys. 
Fisherman's  Daughter. 

Five  O' Clock  Stories;   or.  The  Old  Tales  Told  Again. 
Flower    of    the    Flock,    The,    and    the    Badgers    of    Belmont. 

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Fred's  Little  Daughter.      Sara  Trainer   Smith. 
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Her  Father's  Right  Hand. 
Hop  Blossoms.     Canon  Schmid. 
Hostage  of  War,  A.     Mary  G.   Bonesteel. 
How  They  Worked  Their  Way.     Maurice  F.  Egan. 
Inundation,  The.     Canon  Schmid. 
Jack   Hildreth   on   the  Nile.      Marion  Ames  Taggart. 

Jack  O'Lantern.      Mary  T.   Waggaman. 

Klondike    Picnic.      Eleanor    C.    Donnelly. 

Lamp  of  the  Sanctuary.     Cardinal  Wiseman. 

Legends    of    the    Holy    Child    Jesus    from    Many   Lands. 

Fowler  Lutz. 
Little  Missy.     Mary  T.  Waggaman. 
Loyal  Blue  and  Royal  Scarlet.      Marion   A.   Taggart. 
Madcap  Set  at  St.   Anne's.     Marion  J.   Brunowe. 
Marcelle.     a  True  Story. 
Master  Fridolin.     Emmy  Giehrl. 
MiLLY   AvELiNG.      Sara   Trainer    Smith.      Cloth. 
Mysterious   Doorway.      Anna  T.   Sadlier. 
My    Strange    Friend.      Father    Finn. 
Nan  Nobody.     Mary  T.  Waggaman. 
Old  Charlmont's  Seed-Bed.     Sara  Trainer  Smith. 
Old  Robber's  Castle.     Canon   Schmid, 
Olive  and  the  Little  Cakes. 

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Overseer  of   MahlbouRg.     Canon   Schmid.  0  25 

Pancho  and   Panchita.      Mary   E.    Mannix.  o  40 

Pauline  Archer.     Anna  T.   Sadlier.  o  40 

Pickle  and  Pepper.     Ella  Loraine  Dorsey.  o  85 

Priest  of  Auvrigny.  o  45 

Queen's   Page.     Katharine  Tynan   Hinkson.  o  40 

Richard;  or,  Devotion  to  the  Stuarts.  o  45 

Rose  Bush.     Canon  Schmid.  o  25 

Sea-Gull's  Rock.     J.  Sandeau.  o  40 

Summer  at  Woodville.     Anna  T.  Sadlier.  o  40 
Tales  and  Legends  of  the  Middle  Ages.    F.   De  Capella.    o  75 

Taming  of  Polly.     Ella  Loraine  Dorsey.  o  85 
Three  Girls  and  Especially  One.     Marion  A.  Taggart.       o  40 

Three   Little   Kings.      Emmy   Giehrl.  o  25 

Tom    Playfair;    or,   Making  a   Start.      Father    Finn.  o  85 

Tom's  Luckpot.      Mary  T.   Waggaman.  o  40 

Treasure  of  Nugget  Mountain.     M.  A.  Taggart.  o  85 

Village  Steeple,  The.  o  45 
WiNNETOU,  The  Apache  Knight.     Marion   Ames  Taggart.   o  85 

Wrongfully  Accused.     William  Herchenbach.  o  40 

NOVELS   AND    STORIES. 

Aser.      The    Shepherd.      A    Christmas    Story.       Marion    Ames 

Taggart.  net,  o  35 

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net,  o  35 

Circus  Rider's  Daughter,  The.     A  Novel.     F.  v.  Brackel.  i  25 

Connor    D'Arcy's    Struggles.      A    Novel.      Mrs.    W.    M.    Ber- 

tholds.  I  25 

Dion  and  the  Sibyls.     A  Classic  Novel.     MileS  Keon.     Cloth, 

I   25 
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man.   Popular  Illustrated  Edition,  0.90;  Edition  de  luxe,  5  00 
Fabiola's  Sisters,     A  Companion  Volume  to  Cardinal  Wiseman's 
"  Fabiola."     A.   C.   Clarke.  i   25 

Heiress  of  Cronenstein,  The.    Countess  Hahn-Hahn.  i  25 

Idols;  or,  The  Secrets  of  the  Rue  Chaussee  d'Antin.    De  Navery. 

1  25 
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Pere   Monnier's  Ward,     A  Novel.     Walter  Lecky.  i  25 

Petronilla.     E.  C.  Donnelly.  i  00 

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Romance  of  a  Playwright.     Vte.  Henri  de  Bornier.  i  00 

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Woman  of  Fortune,  A.    Christian  Reid.  i  25 

World  Well  Lost.     Esther  Robertson.  o  '75 

LIVES   AND   HISTORIES.  7.\' 

Autobiography  of  St.  Ignatius  Loyola.    Edited  by  Rev.  J.  F.  X. 

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Aegidius    Mary    of    St.    Joseph;    Bl.    Josephine    Mary    of    St. 

Agnes.     From  the  original  by   Eliza  A.   Donnelly.     With  Il- 
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Life  of   Blessed  Margaret   Mary.     Mgr.    Bougaud,    Bishop   of 

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Christian  Anthropology.    Sermons.    Rev.  John  Thein.  net,  2  50 

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